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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)873-4503 


A^. 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


6^^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notea/Notes  techniquaa  at  bibliographiquea 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  belo-M. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


n 
n 

D 
D 

n 

n 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couieur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couieur  (i.9.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intftrieura 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmies. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exigar  une 
modification  dans  la  m<ithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


r~|   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I — I    Pages  damaged/ 

r~n    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 
rri    Showthrough/ 


l~~|    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  A  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


\/ 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


Wrinkled  pages  may  film  slightly  out  of  focus. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmad  h«r«  ha*  b««n  r«produc«d  thank* 
to  th*  ganaro*ity  of: 

McLennan  Library 
McGill  University 
IVIontreal 

Th*  imag**  app*aring  h*r*  ara  tha  baat  quality 
po**ibla  con*id*ring  th*  condition  and  lagibiiity 
of  tha  originai  copy  and  in  icaaping  with  tha 
fiiming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copia*  in  print*d  papar  covar*  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
tha  la*t  page  with  a  printed  or  iiluatratad  imprea- 
sion,  or  the  bacic  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  originai  copia*  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printad  or  iiluatrated  imprea- 
•ion,  and  ending  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printed 
or  iiluatrated  impre**ion. 


Th*  la*t  r*cord*d  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —»•(  meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appiie*. 


L'*x*mplaira  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
g4n4ro*iti  da: 

McLennan  Library 
McGill  University 
Montreal 

Lee  imagea  *uh/antea  ont  4t*  reproduite*  avec  le 
plua  grand  aoin,  compt*  t*nu  d*  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  I'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  lea  condition*  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Lee  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  ImprimAe  *ont  filmte  *n  commonpant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  aoit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration,  aoit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  eaa.  Toua  lee  autre*  axemplair** 
originaux  aont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derni4re  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinta. 

Un  doe  symbolea  suivanta  apparattra  sur  la 
derni4re  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  la  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbol*  ▼  *ignifie  "FIN". 


Map*,  plate*,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  a*  many  frame*  aa 
required.  The  following  diagram*  iiiuatrata  the 
method: 


Le*  cartea.  planchea.  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmto  A  daa  taux  da  rAduction  diff  Arent*. 
Lor*qu*  la  document  e*t  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  *aul  clichA.  il  eat  filmA  A  partir 
do  I'angia  aupAriaur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imegea  nAce**aire.  Lea  diagrammea  suivanta 
iliuatrant  la  mAthode. 


1 

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HAND-BOOK  FOR  TRAVELLERS 


THROUGH 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


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A  HAND-BOOK 


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FOR  TOURISTS  AND  TRAVELLERS 


THROUGH  EVERY  PART  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


EMBRACIire 

FULL  TABLES  OP  ROUTES  AND  DISTANCES  FROM  PLACE  TO  PLACE, 
WITH  CLEAR  AND  ACCURATE  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  ALL  THE 
VARIOUS  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  NATURAL  OR  ARTI- 
FICIAL CURIOSITIES  OF  DIFFERENT  ROUTES. 

THE  WHOXB  mBCBDBD  WITH 

SHORT  DIRSCTIONS  TO  TRAVELLERS,  REMARKS  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
THE  MANNERS  &c  OF  THE  PEOPLE.  TABLES  OF  FOREIGN 
,         COIN  IN  AMERICAN  MONEY,  ETC.  FTC. 


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IliLUSTRATED  WITH  VIEWS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES,  AND  MAPS  OF  THE 
STATES  AND  THE  VARIOUS  ROUTES. 


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PARTI. 

NOBTHEBN  JEKD  EASTERN  STATES  AND  CANADA. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

GEORGE  S.  APPLETON,  148  CHESTNUT  STREET. 

NEW    YORK: 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  200  BROADWAY. 

1846. 


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ENTEBED,  ACCOBDIMO  to  act  of  OOMOBBSS,  in  tub  year  1846,  BY 

W.  p.  HAZARD,  IN  THE  clerk's  office  of  thb  distbict  court  or 
the  eastebn  distbict  of  pennsyltania. 


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IV 


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PREFACE.   ^ 


The  obvious  want  of  a  good  Guide  Book  that  travellers 
might  have  in  their  hand  as  a  companion  for  their  tour,  has 
led  the  writer  to  produce  the  present  work. 

The  Guide  Books  hitherto  published  consist  for  the  most 
part  of  merely  tables  of  routes  and  distances,  or  such  short 
and  imperfect  sketches  of  places  as  to  be  of  very  little  use 
to  the  intelligent  traveller  who  wishes  to  know  something  of 
the  scenes  through  which  he  is  travelling.  The  waiter  has 
endeavoured  to  confine  himself  to  matter-of-fact  descriptions 
of  what  ought  to  be  feen,  and  is  calculated  to  interest  the 
tourist  at  each  place.  The  style  adopted  is  as  simple  and 
condensed  as  possible,  avoiding  florid  descriptions  and  exag< 
gerated  superlatives ;  often  availing  himself  of  the  descrip- 
tions of  others,  where  they  appeared  good  and  correct  and 
agreed  with  his  own  experience  and  that  of  his  travelled 
friends.  —  ^     -   ^      '    . -    n  .    »f.   . 

The  subject  of  this  volume,  and  the  o'vpose  for  which  it 
is  written,  admit  of  little  novelty,  most  of  he  information  it 
contains  being  necessarily  derived  from  a  great  number  of 
books,  modified  by  actual  observation.  Much  pains  have 
been  taken  to  acquire  the  most  recent  information  from  the 
best  authorities  and  every  source,  and  to  bring  it  down  to 
the  time  of  publication.  Many  of  the  routes  also,  have 
never  before  been  laid  down  in  any  Guide  Book  published  in 
this  country,  and  much  Other  matter  has  never  appeared  in 
book  form.  The  volume  is  complete  in  itself,  and  is  intended 
to  preclude  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  any  other  Guide 
Book,  the  principal  objects  of  interest  and  the  large  cities  being 

A  2  V 


# 


TI 


PREFACE. 


very  fully  and  accurately  described,  so  as  to  preclude  the 
necessity  of  using  local  guides. 

Comprehensiveness  with  brevity  being  essential  qualities 
for  a  work  of  this  kind,  all  extraneous  matter  has  been 
omitted,  and  it  is  hoped  the  work  will  be  found  to  consist 
of  all  that  is  likely  to  be  useful  or  interesting  to  travellers. 
The  various  Routes  are  arranged  under  the  head  of  each  prin- 
cipal  city,  with  a  general  table  of  the  main  routes  in  the 
commencement.  The  plan  and  arrangement  of  the  matter 
is  essentially  different  from  that  of  any  previous  guide,  and 
it  is  hoped  it  will  meet  the  wants  of  the  travelling  public. 
New  York,  the  metropolis  of  the  United  States,  has  been 
taken  as  the  starting  point,  as  from  there  routes  diverge  in 
every  direction.  Part  1st  will  therefore  contain  a  guide  for 
all  North,  East,  and  directly  West  of  N.  York  city.  Fart  2d 
will  contain  all  South  and  West  of  the  same. 

In  short,  accuracy,  conciseness,  and  a  just  discrimination 
of  the  importance  of  the  several  objects  described,  being  the 
qualifications  most  valued  in  a  Guide  Book,  it  has  been  the 
aim  of  the  Editor  to  devote  his  most  anxious  attention  to  the 
attainment  of  these  requisites,  and  it  is  believed  the  present 
work  will  be  found  to  contain  a  larger  amount  of  well 
digested  information  than  has  ever  been  presented  in  any 
volume  of  such  convenient  size. 


s.ci     -411^1 


^■^^■ 


■<^'y  . 


SKELETONS  OF  THE  MAIN  ROUTES.  * 

t 

Mllei.    Houri. 

New  York  to  Boston  via  Stonington  and  Provi- 
dence   224 ...  144 

New  York  to  Boston  via  Norwich  and  Wor- 
cester    237 ...  15 

New  York  to  Boston  via  New  Haven,  Hartford, 

and  Springfield,  Mass 238 .  , .  13i 

New  York  to  Albany  by  S.  B.  via  Hudson  r.  . .  145 ...  10 

New  York  to  Albany  via  Bridgeport  and  West 

Stockbridgo  196 ...  14 

New  York  to  Albany  via  S.  B.  to  Piermont, 

thence  by  R.  R.  and  stage 166 ...  28 

New  York  to  Albany  via  stage  E.  side  of  the 

Hudson 154 ...  28 

New  York  to  Buffalo  via  Albany,  Schenectady, 

Syracuse,  Utica,  and  Rochester 471 . .  .34 

New  York  to  Dunkirk  via  N.  York  and  Erie 

R.  R 475 

New  York  tc  Montreal  via  Albany,  and  Lake 

Champlain 250 ...  36 

Albany  to  Buffalo  by  R.  R 326 ...  24 

Albany  to  Buffalo  via  Erie  canal 364 ...  96 

Albany  to  Montreal  via  Lake  Champlain 250 ...  36 

Albany  to  Niagara  Falls  via  Buffalo 348 ...  25 

Albany  to  Boston  via  Springfield  and  Worces- 
ter    200.. .12 

VII 


/■■■ 


\      '• 


yUI        SKELETONS    OP    THE    MAIN    ROUTES. 

Milfli.    noun. 

Boston  to  New  York 237 ...  15 

Boston  to  Portland  by  R.  R 105 ..  .  51 

Boston  to  Bangor  by  R.  R.  and  stage  via  Port-  ^  * 

land  234.! .25i 

Boston  to  Bangor  by  steamboat 245. .  .  18 

Boston  to  Quebec  via  Portland,  Augusta,  and 

Norridgewock 405  y 

Boston  to  Montreal  by  R.  R.  to  Concord  and  by 

stage  and  S.  B.  via  Burlington 317 

Boston  to  Albany  by  R.  R 200 ...  12 

Boston  to  Buffalo  via  Albany  by  R.  R 525 ...  36 

Buffalo  to  Kingston,  Canada,  via  Niagara  Falls  v      .  > 

and  Lewiston 222 ...  24 

Buffalo  to  Montreal  via  Lake  Ontario  and  St. 

Lawrence  river 434 ...  48 

Buffalo  to  Detroit  by  steamboat 263. .  .30 

Buffalo  to  Chicago  via  the  great  lakes 1047 ...  72 

Buffalo  to  Chicago  via  Detroit,  thence  by  R.  R. 

and  stage 640. .  .60 


•^■.   -» 


DIRECTIONS   TO   THE   TRAVELLER. 


The  points  of  the  compaps  are  often  marked  simply  by  the 
letters  N.  S.  E.  W. 

R.  (right)  L.  (left)  are  generally  applied  to  the  banks  of  a 
river,  and  are  on  your  respective  hands  when  approaching  a 
place. 


m.  for  mile. 
Pop.  for  population, 
p.  for  page.       •       i 
r.  for  river. 


fi.  R.  for  Railroad. 
S.  B.  for  Steamboat. 
H.  for  House  or  Hotel. 


V.,v>   .f. 


'W 


'*•. 


I  i 


The  names  of  Hotels  or  Inns  are  generally  added  to  the 
description  of  each  place ;  the  best  Hotels,  unless  ;'^cially 
mentioned,  as  far  as  they  can  be  determined  are  placed  first. 

Instead  of  designating  a  town  merely  by  the  vague  words 
'•'large"  or  "small,"  the  amount  of  population  according  to 
the  census  of  1840,  (unless  the  date  is  mentioned)  is  almost 
invariably  stated,  as  presenting  a  more  exact  scale  of  the 
importance  and  size  of  the  place. 

In  giving  a  list  of  routes  from  any  particular  place,  if  the 
route  is  described  more  fully  in  another  part  of  the  work  a 
reference  is  made  to  the  page  or  pages  where  it  is  so  de- 
scribed. 

If  the  traveller  wishes  to  find  the  description  of  any  par- 
ticular place,  a  reference  to  the  Index  will  direct  him  to  the 
proper  page. 

Caution  to  English  Travellers. — By  a  recent  Act  of 
Parliament  the  introduction  into  England  of  American  or 
other  foreign  printed  editions  of  the  works  of  British  Authors, 
in  which  the  copy  right  subsists,  is  totally  prohibited.  Travel- 
lers who  are  often  tempted  by  the  cheapness  of  the  Ameri- 
can books,  will  therefore  bear  in  mind  that  even  a  single 
copy  is  contraband,  and  is  liable  to  seizure  at  the  English 
Custom-house. 


.*, 


IX 


I 


* 


RAILROAD  S S  TEAMBOATS. 


.'•>».( 


RAILROADS. 


The  United  States  are  traversed  by  these  iron  roads  in 
every  direction ;  they  are  generally  well  laid  on  a  level  sur- 
face, with  comfortable  cars,  and  form  a  delightful  mode  of 
travelling,  going  at  the  rate  of  20  or  30  miles  an  hour.   ^ 

In  1835  there  were  but  984  miles  of  railroad  <M)mplete  in 
the  United  States;  there  are  now,  1846,  4,752  miles  of 
finished  roads ;  thus  showing  that  there  have  been  construct- 
ed since  1835,  3768  miles.  The  average  cost  of  this  is 
$20,000  per  mile,  and  consequently  the  capital  invested  is 
$75,360,000,  or  an  average  of  seven  and  a  half  million  dollars 
per  annum .  At  present,  however,  it  is  quite  remarkable  that 
the  income  of  the  finished  roads  nearly  equals  the  annual  ex- 
penditure in  capital ;  so  that  in  point  of  fact  the  extension  of 
railroads  is  now  in  a  great  degree  paid  for  by  the  goods  trans- 
ported on  the  existing  roads ;  and  at  the  same  time  the  cost 
of  transportation  is  less  than  before. 

Scarcely  any  of  the  railroads  heretofore  undertaken  in  the 
U.  States  have  been  devised  with  any  view  to  a  general  and 
systematic  plan  of  operations,  yet  there  are  now  various  lines 
of  road  so  arranged  as  to  be  easily  connected,  and  form  seven 
great  chains  of  gigantic  magnitude.  In  a  few  years  these 
connecting  links  will  be  constructed  and  there  will  be  formed 
two  gigantic  lines  of  continuous  railroad  from  Bangor,  Me., 
to  Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  the  one  by  way  of  Buffalo  1000  miles  in 
extent,  the  other  by  way  of  the  grand  central  route  through 
the  principal  cities,  1100  miles  in  extent. 

„     ,    ■'       '  ■•  -y  > ..  -f  -  ~       .     . 

I  '         STEAMBOATS. 

'  The  use  of  steam  is  now  universal  throughout  the  United 
States,  where  in  fact  its  application  to  useful  purposes  was 
first  made.    Almost  all  the  rivers  and  the  larger  lakes,  with 


■"-'ws:^-' 


STEAMBOAT  S — H  O  T  E  L  S. 


XI 


which  thia  country  is  blessed,  are  traversed  by  numerous 
steamboats,  some  of  them  being  nearly  350  ft.  long,  furnished 
in  such  a  style  and  with  conveniences  so  numerous  as  to  be 
floating  palaces.  They  are  generally  a  very  safe  and  plea- 
sant mode  of  travelling  affording  excellent  views  of  the  coun- 
try; on  some  of  the  southern  and  westem  waters  as  the 
Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  others,  they  are  liable  to  be  'snagged,' 
as  the  running  against  the  trunk  of  a  tree  that  has  fallen  into 
the  river,  is  termed ;  these  snags  if  they  have  become  sta- 
tionary, generally  stave  in  the  bottom,  and  it  is  then  neces- 
sary to  run  the  boat  ashore,  but  it  frequently  founders  in 
doing  BO.  The  fare  h  f^enerally  very  low,  as  there  are  usually 
opposition  lines  which  reduce  the  rates  of  fare.  In  the  body 
of  the  work,  the  rates  are  not  always  given,  as  the  frequent 
changes  would  soon  render  the  statements  useless. 

HOTELS  AND   INNS.  ;?> 

These  are  given  in  detail  under  descriptions  of  different 
places  ]  in  the  larger  cities  and  capitals  they  are  generally 
splendid,  but  often  in  small  towns  they  will  be  found  indif- 
ferent. On  the  whole  they  are  not  inferior  to  any  in  the 
world.  The  largest  hotels  are  always  supplied  with  polite 
and  efficient  waiters,  excellent  cooks,  and  almost  every  con- 
venience. The  beds  and  furniture  are  perfect,  the  means 
of  ablution  are  clean  and  neat,  many  of  the  houses  now 
having  warm  and  cold  baths,  the  tables  are  supplied  with 
all  the  delicacies  of  the  season  and  the  choicest  wines,  and 
generally  if  the  travel' ;ir  sojourns  any  length  of  time  he  can 
be  as  comfortable  as  at  home.  The  Americans  are  such  a 
travelling,  constantly  moving  people,  being  probably  tempted 
thereto  by  their  splendid  lines  of  railroads,  steamboats,  and 
other  conveniences  for  travelling,  that  it  becomes  necessary 
not  only  that  there  should  be  numerous  houses  for  entertain- 
ment, but  that  they  should  be  well  kept  to  receive  patronage. 


4 


T:' 


f 


« 


ZII 


EATING    HOUSE  S — A  M  E  R I  C  A  N    MONEY. 


h 


The  usual  price  of  board  is  from  $1  to  $2.50  per  day; 
although  at  all  the  firstrate  hotels  the  charge  is  usually  $2 
per  day.  The  fees  to  the  servants  are  optional,  only  a  few 
of  the  houses  having  adopted  the  convenient  plan  of  charg- 
ing it  in  the  bill.  The  principal  newspapers  of  the  various 
parts  of  the  country  are  to  be  found  in  the  reading  rooms. 
The  hotels  have  wagons  for  the  conveyance  of  passenger's 
baggage,  free  of  charge,  from  the  depots. ;       ,     :  r  •  - 


;v 


<■"'   EATING   HOUSES,    CONFECTIONARIES,    ETC. 

The  number  and  extent  of  some  of  these  establishments  is 
very  great.  At  some  of  the  Eating  Houses  meals  of  plain  ex- 
cellent food  can  be  had  for  25  cents.  At  the  best  Confec- 
tionaries,  coffee,  tea,  or  chocolate,  ice  creams,  jellies,  cooling 
drinks,  and  other  delicacies,  are  to  be  obtained  at  all  hours 
and  of  most  excellent  quality. 


t.i 


i' 


MONEY. 


Foreigners  and  even  Americans  in  travelling  from  one  part 
of  the  country  to  another  will  find  a  great  variety  in  the  cur- 
rency in  use.  If  the  traveller  wishes  to  carry  sums  of  any 
amount  it  is  always  better  to  pay  a  broker  the  current  rate 
of  exchange  and  obtain  his  drafts  upon  different  cities,  as  it 
not  only  is  a  perfectly  safe  but  easy  method  of  carrying  large 
amounts.  It  is  as  cheap  in  the  end  to  pay  the  rate  of  ex- 
change, as  in  travelling  from  one  state  to  another  frequently 
th3  bank-notes  are  at  a  discount  and  below  par,  you  are 
therefore  obliged  to  pay  this  discount  to  pass  your  money, 
as  well  as  to  run  the  risk  of  taking  counterfeit  money,  as  it 
is  impossible  to  be  acquainted  sufficiently  with  the  notes  of 
every  bank,  aa  to  detect  a  spurious  note. 

The  paper  currency  consists  of  notes  of  almost  every  even 
denomination  from  a  one  dollar  note  to  a  thousand  dollars. 


FiKEIGN    COINS    IN    AMERICAN    MONEY.      XIII 


The  metal  currency  is  manufactured  by  the  U.  S.  mint  and 
branches.  To  the  traveller  from  abroad  the  following  table 
will  be  useful : 

An  Eagle    (of  gold)  is  equal  to  10  dollars.       '■  •     ' 

A  Half    «          «  «      «    5      «              -     ^    •' 

A  Quarter          «  «      "     2i    "                       '    ' 

A  Dollar    (of  silver)  "       "  10  dimes  or  100  cents. 

A  Half  ''■            "  "       "     5       "           50 

A  dime               "  "      "  10  cents. 


<( 


There  are  also  quarters  of  a  dollar  or  25  cts.,  half  dimes  or 
5  cts.    The  cent  is  of  copper. 

Spanish  or  Mexican  coins  of  the  value  of  12i  cts.  and  6i 
cts.  are  extensively  in  circulation,  though  not  so  much  so  as 
formerly.  In  Boston  and  the  New  England  States  the  12i  ct. 
piece  is  called  a  nine-pence,  and  the  6i  ct.  piece  a  four-pence ; 
in  New  York,  they  are  called  a  shilling,  and  a  six-pence;  in 
Pennsylvania  and  one  or  two  other  states,  a  levy  and  a  fip; 
in  Louisiana  and  other  southern  states,  a  bit,  and  a  picayune ; 
where  also  they  pass  for  the  same  as  ten-cent  and  five-cent 
pieces. 


I. 

.*■■ 


FOREIGN    COINS   IN   AMERICAN    CURRENCY. 


English  Gumea $5.00 

,,    "       Sovereign 4.84 

"  7  shilling  piece .  1.69 
"       Silver  £ 4.65 

French  Louis  d'or....  4.80 

"        Napoleon 3.82 

"        Crown 1.06 

"        5  franc  piece..      94 

Ducats 2.25 


Doubloons,  Spanish. .  .  16.00 

"        Patriot 15.50 

Ten  Guilder  pieces.  . .   3.90 

FiveThalers 3.90 

Thaler 65 

Fredericks  d'or 3.90 

German  Crowns 1.04 

Head  Pistareen 18 

Old  Pistareens 16 


Spanish  and  Mexican  dollars  same  as  American. 

B 


•mmi^Kr'm 


i  I 


m 


I* 


XIV       CHARACTERISTICS    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


h  A. 


CHARACTERISTICS   OF   THE   COUNTRY. 


■1  f 


// 


In  travelling  over  so  large  a  space  of  country  as  is  em- 
braced within  the  boundaries  of  the  United  States,  it  is  im- 
possible  not  to  observe  striking  differences  in  the  scenery, 
the  habits,  manners,  and  general  appearance  of  the  different 
portions.  Almost  every  variety  of  climate  is  experienced ; 
in  Maine,  and  other  extreme  northern  portions  the  cold  is 
extreme,  while  going  farther  south  the  climate  of  the  Middle 
States  is  varied  and  pleasant,  and  still  farther  South  the  cli- 
mate and  productions  evidence  a  nearer  approach  to  the 
equator ;  the  local  appearance  of  the  country  is  also  in  keep- 
ing with  the  temperature.  In  travelling  over  so  great  an 
extent  of  country  affording  a  field  of  study  and  observation 
almost  inexhaustible,  every  variety  of  taste,  whether  in  pur- 
suit of  health,  instruction  or  amusement,  cannot  fail  to  be 
gratified.  Almost  every  portion  is  full  of  associations,  espe- 
cially in  the  N.  and  £.  States,  either  connected  with  the 
early  history,  the  border  wars,  or  the  great  revolutionary 
struggle  for  freedom.  The  history  of  the  republic  is  not  a 
mere  record  of  political  party,  or  the  contendings  of  rival 
factions ;  it  is  the  record  of  an  era  in  which  modern  civiliza- 
tion received  a  right  direction  and  developed  itself  in  a  glo- 
rious manner. 

The  physical  characters  of  the  country  are  not  less  inte- 
resting than  its  historical  associations.  Its  resources  have 
hitherto  been  very  imperfectly  appreciated,  and  are  now  be- 
ginning to  be  fully  developed  and  to  receive  that  attention 
which  they  deserve.  By  English  travellers  generally,  no 
people  or  country  have  been  so  little  understood,  or  so  much 
misrepresented.  A  traveller  arriving  here,  and  who  hurries 
through  the  country,  neither  stopping  to  explore  the  objects 
which  present  themselves  on  the  road,  nor  turning  aside  into 


f* 


i^tHL^A-^.     ^     A. 


w\ 


S  C  E  N  E  R  Y — G  E  N  E  R  A  I.    VIE  W. 


XV 


less  beaten  tracts,  can  have  formed  no  iilea  of  the  true  cha- 
racter  of  the  people,  or  their  institutions.  It  is  only  by  seek- 
ing them  in  their  own  homes,  that  he  will  be  able  to  appre- 
ciate the  educated  and  courteous  character  of  the  '  upper  ten 
thousand,'  the  intelligence  of  the  middle  classes,  or  the 
merits  of  the  lower  classes. 

SCENERY. 

The  scenery  of  the  United  States  possesses  a  romance 
and  charm  peculiar  to  itself.  Whatever  may  be  the  beau- 
ties of  particular  districts  traversed  by  the  principal  roads, 
the  finest  characters  of  American  scenery  must  be  sought, 
like  the  people,  beyond  the  beaten  track.  The  fertility  of 
the  country,  the  rugged  and  picturesque  mountains,  the  ro- 
mantic beauty  of  the  streams  and  waterfalls,  the  wide  spread- 
ing prairie,  and  the  magnificent  lakes,  have  each  an  interest 
of  a  different  character,  which  the  traveller  will  not  be  long 
in  appreciating  as  they  deserve. 

travellers'  general  view  of  the  united  states. 

To  mention  any  particular  feature  as  being  general  through- 
out the  country,  would  be  impossible,  as  the  whole  appear- 
ance is  so  varied ;  but  the  traveller  will  be  struck  by  the 
enterprise  and  spirit  of  activity  displayed  by  the  people,  and 
their  rapid  progress  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  To  point  out 
the  most  interesting  points  in  the  scenery,  would  exceed  our 
limits,  and  the  tourist  is  referred  to  the  following  pages, 
from  which  he  can  lay  down  for  himself  the  plan  of  a  tour, 
embracing  as  many  points  as  his  time  or  inclination  will 
permit. 

The  traveller  will  meet  with  none  of  those  perfect  speci- 
mens of  architecture,  remains  and  ruins  of  celebrated  cas- 
tles or  abbeys,  and  other  similar  objects  which  form  the  main 


i 


*& 


m: 


XVI 


T  R  A  V  E  L  L  E  R  S'    GENERAL   VIEW. 


points  of  ioterest  in  a  foreign  tour ;  the  comparatively  new 
settlement  of  the  country  forbids  it.  A  much  better  spirit 
and  a  more  proper  appreciation  of  architecture  than  formerly, 
is  now  springing  up. 

The  finest  cities  are  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Bal- 
timore, Washington,  Richmond,  Cincinnati,  New  Orleans, 
New  Haven,  and  Charleston,  all  more  or  less  distinguished 
for  commerce,  manufactures,  and  fine  edifices ;  the  suburbs 
are  generally  interesting  and  often  beautiful.  The  cities  and 
larger  towns  are  usually  laid  out  with  broad  and  regular 
streets  well  paved  and  lighted,  the  houses  mostly  of  brick 
with  marble  fronts  in  a  neat  and  often  elegant  style. 

In  the  large  cities  there  are  many  charitable,  benevolent, 
scientific,  literary,  and  other  institutions ;  the  public  libraries 
and  reading  rooms  are  scattered  over  the  country  in  every 
city,  town  or  village. 

To  those  who  wish  to  look  deeper  into  the  institutions, 
manners,  &c.  of  the  United  States,  such  books  as  the  follow- 
ing should  be  obtained,  and  not  the  ephemeral  and  preju- 
diced sketches  of  hasty  tours  made  by  English  writers.  The 
'  America  and  Americans'  of  Von  Raumer  is  liberal  and  un- 
prejudiced ;  Dr.  Lyell's  '  Travels  in  North  America'  is  very 
candid,  and  valuable  to  the  geologist ;  'Democracy  in  Ame- 
rica' by  De  Tocqueville  is  valuable  for  its  political  view  of 
the  country;  almost  every  State  also,  has  had  its  local  his- 
torian. 


:yv.    -.M 


i,w'v,.i  *.'  "i->'  .!-^'';"  ^v:.;  :*;k  .wtf-.ijii 


•1/4' 


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fc: 

i»rl>  ' 

'*  « " 

■•■■■■-^^-■•'- 

;   .^^^ 

f      '      .   •. 

;•-»•  * 

A  GENERAL  VIEW 


OP 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


As  oar  work  is  intended  to  be  a  Practical  Hand  Book 
FOR  THE  Traveller,  its  design  and  limits  will  allow  only 
a  short  sketch  of  the  United  States  to  be  given.  ;  .  ,.. 


ITS   GENERAL   OUTLINE   AND   ASPECT. 

The  United  States,  constituting  the  most  celebrated  repub- 
lic in  the  world,  and  ranking  high  amongst  the  greatest  na- 
tions, extends  through  twenty-nine  degrees,  from  25°  to  54^ 
N.  latitude,  and  through  fifty-eight  degrees,  from  67°  to 
125°  W.  longitude,  containing  about  2,300,000  square  miles. 
Its  greatest  length  is  3000  m.  and  its  greatest  breadth 
1700  m.,  with  a  frontier  length  of  about  10,000  m.,  of 
which  3600  m.  are  sea  coast,  and  1200  m.  lake  coast.  It 
is  bounded,  north,  by  British  and  Russian  America;  east, 
by  New  Brunswick  and  the  Atlantic ;  south,  by  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Mexico  j  and,  west,  by  the  Pacific  ocean. 

It  is  traversed  by  two  great  ranges  of  Mountains,  dividing 
the  country  into  three  natural  sections.  The  Appalachian 
or  Alleghany  range  is  more  remarkable  for  its  length  than 
height,  its  mean  elevation  being  between  2000  and  3000  ft. 
It  consists  of  five  or  six  parallel  chains,  rising  from  the 
2  b2  17 


*' 


18  VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

vast  table-]and,  occupying  the  western  part  of  the  Atlantic 
states,  and  the  eastern  part  of  the  adjoining  states  of  the 
Mississippi  valley,  lying  between  the  sources  of  the  princi- 
pal rivers  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  great  lakes 
and  St.  Lawrence  river.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  are 
the  White  m&untains  and  the  Blue  ridge,  a  chain  1200  m.  in 
length;  the  Kittalinny  or  Blue  mountain  800m.  in  length; 
and  the  Alleghany  ridge.  The  loftiest  summits  are  Mount 
Washington,  G428  ft.  above  the  sea ;  and  the  Black  mountainj 
in  North  Carolina,  6476  ft.  high.  The  other  great  range  is 
the  Rocky  mountains,  a  prolongation  of  the  great  Mexican 
Cordilleras,  but  imperfectly  known  to  us.  Their  average 
height  is  about  8000  ft.  above  the  sea,  some  of  the  peaks  be- 
ing 10,000  or  12,000  ft.  high.  The  great  valley  lying  between 
these  two  ranges,  and  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri rivers,  is  destined,  at  no  very  remote  day,  to  be  an  ex- 
ceedingly wealthy  and  populous  tract,  on  account  of  its  fer- 
tility, and  the  navigability  of  its  waters. 

The  Rivers  of  the  United  States  form  a  most  important 
feature.  The  rivers  east  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  flow 
into  the  Atlantic,  the  principal  of  which  are  the — 

Penobscot Miles  250        Potomac 500 

Kennebec 200        James 500 

Roanoke 400 

Cape  Fear 350 


Androscoggin 170 

Saco 160 

Merrimac 200 

Connecticut 410 

Hudson  324 

Delaware 300 

Susquehanna 450 


Pedee 450 

Santee 450 

Savannah 500 

Altamaha 400 

St.  Johns 300 


The  following  rivers  flow  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico : — 

Appalachicola 500        Tombigbee 450 

Alabama 600        Mississippi 3000 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


m 


'"  The  following  are  tributarieis  of  the  Mississippi : — 

Red 1500 

Arkansas 2>50 

White 1200 

Missouri  before  its  junc- 
tion  3180 

Kansas 1100 

Platte 1600 

Osage 500 


Yellowstone 1 100 

Ohio 1350 

Illinois 500 

Des  Moines 800 

Tennessee 900 

Cumberland 600 

Wabash 500 

St.  Francis 300 


The  following  are  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains : —        ' '' 

Columbia 1500        Lewis' 900 

Multnomah 900        Clark's 600 

The  two  largest  Lakes  that  lie  wholly  in  the  United  Slates, 
are  Michigan,  330  m.  long,  and  60  rn.  broad;  and  Cham- 
plain,  120  m.  long,  and  15  m.  broad.  The  great  lakes 
Superior,  380  by  130;  Huron,  240  by  150;  Erie  240  by  60; 
and  Ontario,  190  by  55  m.,  are  one  half  in  the  United  States, 
the  boundary  line  passing  through  them. 

The  principal  Bays  are  the  Chesapeake,  Delaware,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Penobscot. 

The  principal  Capes  are  Ann,  Cod,  May,  Henlopen,  Charles, 
Henry,  Hatteras,  Lookout,  Fear,  Florida,  and  Sable. 

The  principal  Harbours  are  Portland,  Portsmouth,  Boston, 
Newport,  New  London,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 
Norfolk,  Charleston,  Savannah,  Mobile,  and  New  Orleans. 

Its  population  was,  in — 


1790 3,929,328 

1800 5,309,758 

1810 7,239,903 


1820 9,638,166 

1830 12,856,165 

1840 17,062,666 


of  the  latter  of  which,  2,487,1 13  w^ere  slaves.     Allowing  the 
same  rate  of  increase,  one  third  in  every  ten  years  as  it  has 
hitherto  been,  the  population  in  1850,  will  be  22,760,000. 
.   The  territory  of  the  United  Stales  is  divided  into  twenty 


/, 


^'■. 


20 


VIEW   OP   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


eight  States  and  three  Territories,  each  of  which  has  a 
separate  government ;  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  which  is 
under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States'  Con- 
gress. The  following  is  a  list  of  the  states,  with  their  popu- 
lation, in  1840. 


Nor  them  J  or  Eastern. 

Maine 501,793 

New-Hampshire .  284,574 

Vermont 291,948 

Massachusetts  ..  737,699 

Rhode  Island 108,830 

Connecticut 309,978 

Middle. 

New- York 2,428,921 

New  Jersey 373,306 

Pennsylvania  . .  .  1,724,033 

Delaware 78,085 

Maryland 469,232 

Southern. 

Virginia 1,239,797 

North  Carolina. .  . .  753,419 

South  Carolina 594,398 

Georgia 691,392 


Florida 64,477 

Mississippi .  375,651 

Louisiana 352,411 

:    ■'■■         Western. 

Ohio 1,519,467 

Kentucky 779,828 

Tennessee 829,210 

Michigan 212,267 

Indiana 685,866 

Illinois 476,183 

Missouri 383,702 

Arkansas 97,574 

Texas,  (about) . .  .  200,000 

■'<  '    . 

Territories.    . 

District  of  Colum- 
bia    43,712 

Wisconsin 30,945 

Iowa.. 43,112 


Alabama 590,756 

Washington,  on  the  Potomac,  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, is  the  capital  and  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States, 
haying  become  such  in  1800. 


-■i  .1 


POLITICAL   CONSTITUTION. 


The  political  constitution  of  the  United  States  forms  the 
most  prominent  and  fundamental  particular  in  their  national 


i\ 


^ 


VIEW    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


fl 


[ 


arrangements,  and  for  more  than  half  a  century  it  has  fulfil- 
led the  essential  purposes  of  a  government,  and  been  found 
compatible  with  the  most  rapid  progress  in  population  and 
wealth  which  any  nation  ever  experienced.  The  constitu- 
tion  was,  in  fact,  composed  by  a  body  of  men  of  distinguished 
ability,  who  had  fully  experienced,  and  anxiously  sought  to 
guard  againut,  the  evils  to  which  its  peculiar  form  is  liable. 
The  government,  as  established  by  the  constitution  adopted 
in  1789,  is  in  form  a  federal  representative  democracy.  The 
whole  country  is  subject  to  the  national  or  general  govern- 
ment, consisting  of  three  branches,  the  executive,  legislative, 
and  judicial. 

The  Executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President,  who  holds 
his  oflice  for  the  term  of  four  years ;  he  is  chosen  by  the 
electors  from  the  different  states,  who  are  mostly  elected  by 
the  people ;  each  state  electing  as  many  electors  as  they 
have  members  in  Congress.  A  majority  of  the  electors' 
votes  is  necessary  for  a  choice ;  if  there  be  no  choice,  then 
the  House  of  Representatives  elect  one  of  the  three  candi- 
dates having  the  most  votes ;  in  this  last  balloting  each  state 
having  one  vote.  The  Vice  President  is  chosen  in  the  same 
manner,  and  for  the  same  term ;  but  if  there  be  no  choice 
by  the  electors,  the  Senate  then  chooses  one  of  the  two  per- 
sons having  the  highest  number  of  votes.  No  person  can  be 
President  or  Vice  President,  except  a  native-born  citizen,  of 
the  age  of  at  least  thirty-five  years,  and  who  has  been  four- 
teen years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

The  President  is  Commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy,  and  of  the  militia  when  in  actual  service  of  the  United 
States.  With  the  advice  and  consent  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Senate,  he  makes  treaties,  appoints  embassadors,  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  directly  or  indirectly,  appoints  to  all 
the  offices  of  the  national  government ;  he  possesses  a  quali- 
fied veto  upon  the  bills  presented  to  him  in  Congress ;  but  if  he 


22 


VIEW  OF   THE    UNITED  STATES. 


# 


disapproves  any  bill,  it  nevertheless  becomes  a  law  if  paraer.l 
by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  in  each  house.  He  receives  em- 
bassadors and  other  public  ministers,  takes  care  that  tha 
laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  commissions  all  the  officers 
in  the  United  States.  The  Vice  President  is  president  of  the 
Senate ;  and  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation,  or  removal  of 
the  President,  the  powers  and  duties  of  that  officer  devolve 
on  him. 

The  Legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Congress,  consisting 
of  a  Senate,  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The  Senator? 
are  chosen  by  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  for  the 
term  of  six  years;  there  are  two  from  each  state,  and  it  is 
required  that  they  sliall  be  at  least  thirty-five  years  of  ag;,  and 
have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  for  nine  years.  The 
Senate  has  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 

The  Representatives  are  chosen  for  two  years  by  the  peo- 
ple of  each  state,  and  must  be  at  least  twenty-five  years  ofi 
age  :  and  have  been  citizens  of  the  United  States  for  seven 
years.  Representatives  pv<i  apportioned  among  the  states, 
according  to  their  respf^ctive  population.  .^ 

Congress  must  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year ;  it 
has  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  &c. ;  to  declare 
war ;  to  grant  patent  and  copy  rights ;  to  borrow  money ;  to 
regulate  commerce;  raise  armies  and  navies;  and  to  make 
all  laws  necessary  to  carry  into  execution  the  powers  vested 
by  the  constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States. 

The  Judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  consist- 
ing at  present  of  nine  judgos,  appointed  by  Ih'  »'r'>iident, 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate;  thirty-thre-  di'^riC?  jourts, 
and  seven  circuit  courts. 

The  principal  executive  officers  are,  the  secretaries  of 
sta!o,  of  the  treasury,  of  war,  and  of  the  navy,  the  postmas- 
tnr  (Boii  al,  aind  the  attorney  general.  They  are  removeable 
ai  rha  ivill  o.i  the  I  resident,  and  with  the  Vice  President, 


VIEW   OF   THE    U  KITED   STATES. 


23 


it 


of 


ent, 


form  Ihe  cabinet .  The  S'  ^etary  of  State  con<luct8  the  iiea;*. 
tiations  with  foreign  powers,  and  twrresponds  with  the  pubUc 
ministers  of  the  United  States  abroad,  art)  with  those  of 
foreign  states  near  the  United  States  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  superintends  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  government ; 
ho  is  required  to  report  to  Congress,  annually,  th<^  state  of  the 
finances ;  and  recommends  such  measures  as  h«  thinks  pro- 
per  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  revenue. 

The  revenue  and  taxation  of  the  United  States  have  been 
moderate,  in  proportion  to  the  wealth  and  extent  of  the  re- 
public. In  1783,  the  public  debt  was  $42,000,000,  and  in 
1793,  it  had  increased  to  $80,352,000;  in  1813,  it  was  re- 
duced to  $45,000,000;  in  1816,  in  consequer  e  of  the  war 
with  England,  it  increased  to  $127,334,933 ;  b'lt,  m  the  suc- 
ceeding twenty  years,  it  was  wholly  extinguished,  about 
212  millions  having  been  paid  for  principal  and  ii  terest ;  thus 
clearly  showing  the  financial  abilities  of  free  insiitutions. 

The  revenue  for  the  United  States  is  derived  chiefly  from 
customs,  and  the  sale  of  public  lands ;  the  government  having 
found  it  but  seldom  necessary  to  resort  to  direct  taxation. 
The  public  lands  have  been  recently  a  great  source  of  reve- 
nue. The  government  now  possesses  100,000,000  of  acres 
surveyed  and  unsold,  and  much  more  which  is  rot  sur- 
veyed. The  revenue  for  the  year  1845,  amounted  to 
$29,769,134;  and  the  expenditure  to  $29,968,206. 

Til  the  War  Department  belong  the  direction  and  govern- 
ment of  the  army,  the  erection  of  fortifications,  the  exe  ution 
of  topographical  surveys,  and  the  direction  of  Indian  a.fairs. 
Economy  and  political  jealousy  have  combined  to  keep  down 
the  numbers  of  the  army  exceedingly  low ;  the  principal  re- 
liance of  the  country  for  defence,  is  on  the  militia  of  the 
several  states,  amounting  in  1845,  to  1,759,810  men,  althoogh 
thi(«  vast  body  is  extremely  deficient  in  discipline.  The  re- 
gular army  consists  at  present  of  712  commissioned  officers, 


34 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


8  regiments  of  infantry,  4  of  artillery,  2  of  dragoons,  and  260 
cadets,  in  all  9012  men.  The  expenditures  for  the  army  were, 
in  1844,  $8,231,317. 

The  Navy  of  the  United  States  is  the  most  efficient  for  its 
size  of  any  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  10  ships  of  the  line, 
15  frigates,  23  sloops  of  war,  8  brigs,  8  schooners,  9  steam- 
ships, and  4  store-ships.  In  1845,  there  were  9  commodores, 
68  captains,  96  commanders,  327  lieutenants,  69  surgeons,  64 
pursers,  23  chaplains,  159  passed  midshipmen,  314  midship- 
men, 31  masters,  22  professors  of  mathematics.  There  are 
navy  yards  at  Portsmouth,  Boston,  New  York  or  Brooklyn, 
Philadelphia,  Washington,  Norfolk,  and  Pensacola ;  there  are 
also  dry-docks  at  Charlestown,  Brooklyn,  and  Norfolk.  The 
expenditure  for  the  navy  for  1844  was,  $6,496,991. 

In  1844,  there  were  14,103  post-offices  in  the  United 
States;  the  total  expenditures  for  the  year  were  $4,297,867 ; 
the  gross  amount  of  the  revenue  was  $4,237,285.  The 
postage,  by  a  recent  law,  has  been  reduced  to  the  following 
rates: —    .;!>;.. .<."fj.,„K'-  ■'.,.;    ^u.v.>  :-■<   i.ff!'A^[.^..-^.    «.y   ,'■. 

For  a  letter  weighing  not  more  than  half  an  ounce,  under 
300  miles,  5  cents,  over  300  miles,  10  cents.  For  any  addi- 
tional weight,  the  charge  is  in  proportion. 

On  newspapers,  within  30  miles  from  whence  they  are 
sent, /ree;  all  over  that  distance,  li  cents  each. 

Since  this  law  has  been  in  operation,  the  revenue  of  the 
post-office  has  very  materially  decreased. 

The  Mint  of  the  United  States  was  established  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1793 ;  and  in  1838,  branches  were  established  at 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  at  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  and  at  New  Orleans,  all 
subject  to  the  control  of  the  director  of  the  mint  at  Philadel- 
phia. The  coinage  is  executed  by  machines  propelled  by 
steam-power.  The  amount  coined  in  1845,  was  $5,668,595 ; 
whole  amount  since  the  commencement,  was  293,299,905 
pieces;  value,  $110,177,761.     .... 


w 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


25 


Each  of  the  twenty-eight  states  of  the  great  American 
confederacy  has  its  local  government,  separate  from  the  na- 
tional government  except  so  much  as  is  fixed  by  the  consti- 
tution. They  all  are,  in  fact,  representative  democracies, 
having  an  elective  executive  and  legislature,  chosen  by  the 
body  of  the  people  for  a  short  term  of  service.  The  chief 
executive  officer  is  styled  the  governor,  and  the  legislative 
houses,  styled  general  assembly,  general  court,  or  legislature, 
consists  of  a  Senate,  and  House  of  Representatives.  Suffrage 
is  virtually  universal ;  blacks  are,  however,  not  permitted  to 
vote.  The  state  governments  manage  the  local  and  domestic 
affairs  of  the  confederacy ;  organi/e,  discipline,  and  command 
the  militia;  charter  banking  and  other  institutions;  and  in 
general  do  whatever  is  necessary  for  social  order  and  the 
public  tranquillity.  A  small  revenue  is  raised  in  each  state, 
adequate  to  the  expenditure  of  the  government,  by  direct 
taxes,  or  excise  and  license  duties. 


PRODUCTIVE    INDUSTRY. 


d^ti.' 


are 

the 

lila- 
dat 
,all 
del- 

595; 
905 


The  United  States  have  already  made  an  astonishing  pro- 
gress in  industry  and  wealth,  but  the  present  is  insignificant 
in  comparison  with  the  future  greatness  to  which  their  vast 
and  unparalleled  resources  must  carry  them.  They  are 
chiefly  an  agricultural  people,  to  which  they  are  led  by  the 
extent  of  their  territory  and  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  According 
to  the  census  of  1840,  poultry  was  raised  to  the  value  of 
$9,344,410.  There  were  produced  84,833,272  bushels  of 
wheat ;  7,291,743  of  buckwheat ;  377,531,875  of  Indian  corn ; 
18,645,567  of  rye;  123,071,341  of  oats;  108,298,060  of  pota- 
toes; 35,802,114  pounds  of  wool;  95,251  tons  of  hemp  and 
flax;  124,734  gallons  of  wine.  The  products  of  the  dairy 
were  valued  at  $33,787,008;  of  the  orchard  at  $7,256,904; 
of  lumber  at  $12,943,507^ 

C 


•nJ'.'-.'T  rvv 


..iJr 


26 


VIEW    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


^' 


! 


The  great  staple,  Cotton,  is  raised  in  the  southern  and  some 
few  of  the  western  states.  It  was  first  sown  about  1787,  and 
exported  in  small  quantities  in  1790.  The  produce  in  1840, 
amounted  to  790,479,275  pounds ;  in  1845,  to  2,394,503  bales ; 
the  exports  in  1845,  were  to  the  amount  of  $51,739,643. 

Tobacco,  an  indigenous  American  plant,  is  extensively  cul- 
tivated in  Maryland,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  other 
states.  The  American  is  decidedly  superior  to  that  of  most 
other  countries.  There  were  produced  in  1840,  219,163,319 
pounds;  and  in  1844,  there  were  exported  $8,397,255  worth. 

Sugar,  is  raised  with  much  success  in  Louisiana,  where 
there  are  several  varieties  reared.  In  1840,  it  amounted  to 
155j  100,809  pounds;  in  1844,  the  exports  amounted  to 
$12,363. 

Rice,  was  first  cultivated  in  South  Carolina,  in  1694,  since 
when  its  culture  has  very  extensively  increased ;  in  1840,  it 
amounted  to  80,841,422  pounds,  and  in  1845,  the  exports 
amounted  in  value  to  $2,160,456.  The  whole  exports  of 
domestic  produce  from  the  United  States,  in  1845,  was 
$99,299,776. 

-  The  MANUFACTURES  of  the  United  States,  though  not  equal 
to  its  agriculture  or  commerce,  and  of  recent  origin,  are  ra- 
pidly acquiring  an  immense  importance.  A  great  amount 
of  capita]  is.  now  invested  in  cott(Hi  and  iron  manufactures, 
glass,  coal,  &c.,  and  new  improvements  by  the  aid  of  steam 
are  constantly  being  made  to  the  machinery,  by  which  goods 
can  now  be  made  cheap  enough  almost  to  compete  with  any 
part  of  the  world.  The  census  of  1840,  gives  some  valuable 
satistics  in  relation  to  manufactures.  There  were  1240  cot- 
ton factories,  with  2,284.631  spindles,  which  produced  goods 
to  the  amount  of  $:46.350,453 ;  in  1844,  there  were  exported 
cotton  goods  to  the  amount  of  $2,898,780;  of  wollen  manu- 
factures, goods  were  produced  lo  the  amount  of  $20,696,999, 
principally  of  wool  from  our  own  sheep,  of  which  there  were 


VIEW   OP    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


27 


19,311,374.  Extensive  manufactories  of  paper  of  every 
kind,  leather  in  all  its  branches,  straw  bonnets,  carriages  and 
wagons,  various  kinds  of  machinery,  &c.,  &c.,  employ  vast 
numbers  of  operatives,  the  details  of  which  our  limits  will 
not  permit  of. 

The  United  States  are  richly  supplied  with  valuable 
MINERALS  3  although  the  mines  are  very  profitable,  they  are 
not  yet  worked  to  an  extent  worthy  of  their  great  import- 
ance. Gold,  iron  find  lead,  are  extensively  diffused ;  coal 
aud  salt  exist  in  abundance ;  and  valuable  building  mate- 
rials, as  marble,  freestone  and  granite,  are  very  plentiful. 

Gold  has  been  procured  chiefly  from  North  Carolina,  Vir- 
ginia, and  Georgia,  and  mostly  from  wat^hings ;  but  various 
companies  are  now  successfully  engaged  in  scientific  mining. 

Iron,  the  most  useful  of  metals,  is  abundantly  distributed 
throughout  the  country,  and  forms  one  of  the  great  staples, 
employing  in  its  manufacture  many  thousand  operatives; 
Pennsylvania  atone  employing  about  400,000  persons,  di- 
rectly in  the  business.  The  following  statistics  for  1845, 
will  show  the  amount  of  trade  carried  on  in  the  United 
States.  There  are  540  blast  furnaces,  yielding  486,000  tons 
pig  iron,  per  annum ;  950  bloomeries,  forges,  rolling  and 
slitting  mills,  and  yielding  291,600  tons  of  bar,  hoops,  &c. 
Blooms,  30,000  tons ;  castings,  machinery,  stove  plates,  &c., 
121,500  tons;  which  at  their  present  market  value,  would 
amount  to  $33,940,500.  The  quantity  imported  was  92,257 
tons,  worth  $41,734,610. 

In  1846,  there  were  in  Pennsylvania  alone,  34  anthracite 
furnaces,  all  of  which  are  in  blast  except  7.  Those  in  blast 
are  capable  of  turning  out  1300  tons  of  iron  per  week,  or 
67,600  tons  per  annum.  Those  erecting,  and  preparing  to 
be  put  in  blast,  can  produce  500  tons  per  week,  or  26,000 
tons  per  annum — making  the  product  of  the  whole  1800  tons 
per  week,  or  93,600  tons  per  annum.    The  quantity  of  coal 


28 


VIEW   OP    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


' 


f 


required  to  smelt  a  ton  of  iron,  upon  the  average,  is  2^  tons, 
which  \pould  make  a  weekly  consumption  of  45,000  tons 
of  coal,  amounting  to  234,000  tons  per  annum,  in  these 
works,  merely  to  run  the  ore  into  pig  metal. 

The  Lead  mines  of  the  United  States  are  extremely  pro- 
ductive, and  are  now  beginning  to  be  worked  in  a  proper  man- 
ner. The  principal  mines  are  situated  in  Missouri,  between 
the  Gasconade  and  the  Mississippi,  and  in  Wisconsin  Terri- 
tory and  Illinois,  between  the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi 
rivers.  The  product  of  the  Missouri  mines  in  1840,  was 
5,295,455  pounds;  of  the  Illinois  mines,  8,755,000  pounds; 
and  of  the  Wisconsin  mines,  15,129,350  pounds. 

Salt  is  chiefly  made  from  the  brine  springs,  which  are 
bountifully  distributed,  particularly  in  the  great  Western 
Valley.  *  ■>>«' 

.M  Coal,  one  of  the  most  abundant  minerals  in  the  United 
States,  is  now  becoming  much  more  used  than  formerly.  It 
is  found  of  two  kinds,  the  anthracite  and  bituminous.  The 
former  is  found  and  largely  mined  in  Pennsylvania,  in  three 
distinct  beds,  two  of  which  lie  between  the  Lehigh  and  Sus- 
quehanna, and  the  head-waters  of  the  Schuylkill  and  the 
North  Bmnch  of  the  Susquehanna ;  the  third  is  on  l^oth  sides 
of  the  Lackawanna,  and  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. An  exceedingly  interesting  trip  to  view  the  ope- 
rations of  mining,  can  be  made  to  Pottsville,  occupying  only 
a  few  days.  In  1845,  there  were  sent  to  market  from  the 
different  regions,  2,021,674  tons,  the  Schuylkill  region  fur- 
nishing more  than  one  half.  Since  the  trade  commenced  in 
1820  up  to  the  beginning  of  1846,  the  supply  from  all  sources 
amounted  to  13,467,302  tons;  the  Schuylkill  region  furnish- 
ing 7,392,744  tons.  The  population  of  this  country  has  kept 
pace  with  this  prosperity ;  in  five  years  the  increase  has  been 
fifty  per  cent  ;  the  coal  trade  has  nearly  doubled. 
The  COMMERCE  of  the  United  States  has  increased  with 


'im 


W" 


VIEWOF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  29 

rapid  strides,  and  they  have  already  become  the  second 
commercial  power  in  the  world.  Every  part  of  the  world  is 
visited  by  American  merchants,  and  they  are  every  where 
known  as  the  most  enterprising  and  intelligent  set  of  busi- 
ness  men.  The  exports  consist  chiefly  of  agriculture,  pro- 
duce, naval  stores,  lumber,  &c.  American  manufactures 
are  now  exported  in  larger  quantities,  and  meet  with  a 
readier  market  than  formerly.  The  shipping  by  which  the 
trade  of  the  country  is  carried  on,  is  chiefly  American,  ship- 
building forming  an  extensive  branch  of  national  industry. 
The  shipping  interest  has  been  protected  by  discriminating 
duties  on  foreign  tonnage,  and  by  the  entire  exclusion  of 
foreign  vessels  from  the  coasting  trade.  The  whole  amount 
of  the  shipping  in  1845,  was  2,426, 1 13  tons.  A  large  amount 
of  shipping  is  employed  in  the  whale,  cod,  and  mackerel 
fisheries,  producing  about  $15,000,000  annually.  There 
were  built  in  1845,  1038  vessels,  with  a  total  tonnage  of 
146,018. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the 
United  States,  during  the  year  1845. 

The  aggregate  imports  of  foreign  merchandise  for  the  year, 
were  as  follows : — 

Free  of  duty, $22,147,840  '        .       ■ 

Paying  duty, 95,106,724  ^ 

$  1 1 7,254,564 

Of  which  were  re-exported  : 

Free  of  duty, $10, 175,099 

Paying  duty, 5,171,731  ' 

$15,346,830 

The  exports  for  the  year  were  : 

Domestic  produce,  &c., ..  $99,299,776 

Foreign,  as  above, 15,346,830 

$114,046,606 

c2 


1^ 


'«??■ 


30  V  I  E  W   OF    T  HE    UNIT  E  D    ST  ATE  S. 

»  The  following  table  will  show  the  value  of  the  principal 
articles  of  export : — 

Cotton, $51,739,643     *' 

Tobacco  Leaf, 7,469,819 

Rice, 2,160,456 

Flour, 5,398,593     ^~ 

Pork,  hogs  lard,  &c., 2,991,284     ^ 

Beef,  cattle,  hides,  &c., 1,926,809 

Butter  and  cheese, 878,865 

Skins  and  fnis, 1,248,355 

Fish, 1,012,007 

Wool  and  manufactures  of 3,099,455 

Manufactures, 10,329,701 

Specie  and  bullion, 8,606,495 

TONNAGE. 

Cleared.  Entered. 

American  vessels,  tons,    ..2,053,977        2,035,486 
Foreign  vessels, 930,275  910,563 


2,984,252         2,946,049 

The  great  works  for  internal  improvement,  form  an 
important  feature  in  the  United  States.  The  natural  interior 
water  communications  have  already  been  alluded  to;  no 
part  of  the  world  presents  such  an  extensive  river  commerce. 
Steam  vessels  were  first  introduced  in  America ;  and  steam- 
boats, some  of  them  nearly  400  ft.  long,  may  be  found  on 
all  the  rivers,  &c.  Individuals  and  states  have  not  been 
slow  in  improving  the  great  natural  advantages,  and  the 
result  is  a  grand  chain  of  interior  communications,  connect- 
ing the  most  distant  points  of  the  country  with  each  other, 
and  affording  cheap  and  speedy  means  of  communication ; 
•which,  if  it  may  have  impoverished  individuals,  and  have 
burthened  some  states  with  heavy  debts,  has  still  been  of 


-'"^'■ 


*.      r. 


:%- 


VIEWOPTHEUNITEDSTATES.  31 

immense  advantage  to  the  country  at  large.  The  banking 
system  of  the  country  is  now  in  a  sound  state,  business  is 
prosperous,  and  numerous  internal  improvements  which 
have  been  left  in  an  unfinished  state,  are  now  being  carried 
through. 

There  were  in  1845,  104  Railroads  in  the  United  States, 
measuring  in  the  aggregate,  4,624  miles,  and  built  at  a  cost 
of  over  130  millions  of  dollars.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
roads  which  have  cost  over  two  millions,  viz : 

'\.\^.iw^  .'    ../   ^'^..        Miles.        Cost. 
Boston  and  Worcester, 44 . , .  $2,914,078 

-  Western  (Mass.) 117. . .  .6,186,202 

Stonington, 48 2,600,000 

Camden  and  Amboy, 60 

N.  Brunswick  Branch. 28  >     3,200,000       ' 

Trenton  do., 8  ) 

New  Jersey, 34 2,000,000 

Philadelphia  and  Baltimore, 93 4,400,000 

-  Baltimore  and  Ohio, 188 ... .  7,623.600       " 

^   South  Carolina, 136  )     ^  ^„,  ,,« 

'  >     5,671,452 

Columbia  Branch, 60  ^       ' 

Central,  Ga., 190. ..  .2,581,723 

/    Eastern, 54. ..  .2,388,631 

Norwich  and  Worcester, 66 2,170,366 

**      Utica  and  Schenectady, 78 2,168,165 

"    Columbia,  Pa., 82. . .  .4,204,969 

Reading, 94. . .  .9,457,670 

Baltimore  and  Susquehanna,. ....  58, . .  .3,000,000 

Georgia, *. . . .  172. . .  .3,000,000 

In  New  Jersey  there  are  seven  railroads,  running  in  the 
whole  191  miles,  and  their  aggregate  cost  was  $6,600,000. 

The  whole  length  of  Canal  navigation  is  about  four  thou- 
sand miles,  all  of  which  have  mostly  been  executed  in  the 
last  twenty-five  years.     These  great  works  have  already 


IP,  VIEW  OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

given  fresh  life  to  manufactures,  internal  trade,  and  agricul- 
ture, and  developed  the  mining  industry  of  the  country. 

Many  of  the  states  are  intersected  by  extensive  lines  of 
turnpike  roads;  and  many  very  fine  bridges  are  constructed 
across  the  principal  streams.  The  great  National  road  from 
Cumberland  across  the  AUeghanies,  through  Wheeling, 
Columbus,  Indianapolis,  and  Yandalia,  to  St.  Louis,  is  a 
splendid  piece  of  road.       j  .  .         • 

-,:-  ^.       RELIGION   AND   EDUCATION. 

The  establishment  of  Religion  by  law  is  forbidden  by  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  but  every  person  who  does 
not  interrupt  the  peace  of  society  is  protected  in  the  free  ex- 
ercise of  his  religion.  The  voluntary  principle,  has  been 
found  to  be  more  efficient  than  any  legal  enactment  for  the 
support  of  religious  institutions ;  and  the  Americans  are  sen- 
sible of  the  fact,  that  the  stability  and  existence  of  a  free 
government  depends  upon  the  prosperity  of  religious  institu- 
tions, and  their  moral  influence  upon  the  principles  and  habits 
of  the  people.  Dr.  Baird,  in  his  '' Religion  in  America,"  has 
estimated  that  there  is  annually  raiised  $5,500,000  for  the 
support  of  the  evangelical  ministry,  and  that  there  is  one 
preacher  to  every  800  souls.  There,  were  in  1845,  about 
30,000  churches  of  all  denominations,  32,543  ministers  and 
3,384,744  communicants;  of  which  the  Methodists  were 
the  most  numerous^  and  next  the  Baptists,  Presbyterians, 
and  then  Episcopalians.  The  number  of  benevolent,  chari- 
table, educational,  religious,  and  other  humane  societies,  is 
nowhere  greater  than  in  this  country. 

The  subject  of  Education  has  excited  much  attention  in  all 
the  states,  most  of  ^hich  have  applied  certain  lands  or  an- 
nual amon«^ts  for  ihe  maintenance  of  public  schools,  where 
any  one  can  enjoy  the  benefits  gratuitously.    The  most  pro- 


I  V 


J ^,.. 


t'^ 


:'*^ 


>^,'J15J^:^'       TjR 


^ 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


33 


",*■ 


tninent  in  the  cause  of  education  are  the  New  England 
states,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  &c. 
Some  of  the  collegiate  institutions  are  of  very  ancient  date ; 
Cambridge  college,  now  Harvard  university,  was  founded  in 
1638  ;  Yale  college  at  New  Haven,  in  1700 ;  college  of  New 
Jersey  at  Princeton,  in  1746j  Brown  university.  Providence, 
in  1764  J  Dartmouth  college,  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  in  1769; 
university  of  North  Carolina,  in  1789;  Bowdoin  college  at 
Brunswick,  Me.,  in  1794.  In  1845,  there  were  108  colleges, 
29  medical  colleges  and  schools;  34  theological  schools; 
10  law  schools;  and  about  50,000  common  and  primary 
schools.  "'■'' 

The  largest  Libraries  in  the  United  States,  are  Harvard 
university,  containing  68,500  vols. ;  Philadelphia  library, 
50,000;  Boston  AtheneBum,  nearly  35,000;  Yale  college, 
34,500 ;  Georgetown  college,  25,000 ;  Bowdoin  college,  24,- 
860 ;  New  York  society  library,  25,000 ;  library  of  Congress, 
nearly  25,000 ;  Brown  university,  20,000,  &c. 

In  no  other  country  does  the  mass  of  the  population  read 
so  much,  and  are  the  books  furnished  at  so  cheap  a  rate. 
Many  American  names  occupy  places  in  the  literary  world, 
and  many  more  bid  fair  to  stand  prominent.  Numerous 
monthly  and  quarterly  journals  are  liberally  supported,  and 
the  best  English  periodicals  are  republished ;  in  addition 
to  which,  there  are  1555  newspapers  and  periodicals  pub- 
lished in  the  United  States,  while  there  are  but  1899  in  all 
the  world  besides ! 

Many  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  the  Fine  Arts,  are  in 
successful  operation ;  the  names  of  Copley,  West,  Stuart, 
Newton,  AUston,  and  Leslie,  adorn  the  annals  of  American 
art. 

The  Banking  Institutions  of  the  United  States,  are  joint 
stock  companies,  incorporated  by  the  respective  states  with 
fixed  capitals ;  their  bills  form  the  principal  circulating  me- 
3 


34 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


(lium  of  the  country.    There  were  in  J 845,  707  banks,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $206,045,969 ; 

Loanii, $288,617,131        Circulation, $89,608,711 

Specie, 44,241,242        Deposits, 88,020,646 


S 


# 


^ 

« 


^  HISTORY. 

The  United  States  were  first  colonised  in  1607,  by  the 
English  settling  in  Virginia.  All  the  colonies  were  a  portion 
of  the  British  empire,  and  the  settlers  were  continually  en- 
gaged in  wars  with  the  Indian  tribes,  and  afterwards  with 
the  mother  country  against  the  French.  Between  167C  and 
1680,  Nathaniel  Bacon,  and  many  colonists  of  Virgiria^  re- 
belled and  ^urnt  Jamestown.  The  cause  of  the  revolt  was 
the  laying  of  duties  by  Parliament  on  the  products  of  foreign 
colonies  imported  into  Virginia.  The  navigation  act,  which 
imposed  restrictions  on  foreign  ships  coming  to  the  American 
colonies,  also  created  much  discontent.  These  were  the  first 
acts  that  led  to  the  American  principle  of  -'  i. )  taxation  with- 
out representation ;"  and  the  principle  of  union  began  to  be 
developed.  An  anti-stamp  act  Congress  was  held  in  New 
York,  in  1765.  The  colonists  resolving  to  use  no  goods  of 
British  manufacture,  the  stamp  act  was  repealed  by  Parlia- 
ment. In  1770,  a  crowd  of  people  in  Boston  threw  stones  at 
the  military,  who  fired  and  killed  three  persons,  an  event 
which  added  much  to  the  now  growing  excitement.  In  1773, 
the  tea  tax  was  agitated  in  Boston  and  all  the  colonies, 
and  Lord  North  reduced  the  duty  from  one  shilling,  to  three 
pence  per  pound.  The  objection  still  existed,  as  it  was  not 
the  amount,  but  the  principle  of  being  taxed  by  the  home 
Parliament,  without  being  represented  therein.  A  large 
party  of  men  disguised  as  Indians,  boarded  the  ships  lying  at 
the  Boston  wharf,  and  threw  the  tea  into  the  harbour.  Par- 
liament struck  Boston  from  the  list  of  ports;  the  breach 


;  "■  ^^i*j;p52 


■^ 
# 


VIEW  OF    THE   UNITED   STATE  I. 


35 


widened — "  passive  obedience"  being  the  maxim  of  Parlia- 
ment ;  and  "  Freedom,  and  no  taxation  without  representa- 
tion," that  of  the  colonists.  General  Gage  was  sent  from 
England  with  a  large  force  to  overawe  Boston.  The  colonists 
elected  a  Congress,  with  John  Hancock  as  president ;  this 
body  memorialised  the  home  government,  but  in  vain,  though 
supported  by  Lord  Chatham,  Burke,  and  others.  Patrick 
Henry  kindled  the  flame  of  National  Independence  in  Vir- 
ginia. In  April,  1775,  General  Gage  sent  to  seize  some 
military  stores  at  Concord.  The  militia  refused  to  give  them 
up,  were  fired  upon  and  several  killed,  at  Lexington.  After 
destroying  the  stores,  the  troops  retired  to  Boston,  but  many 
were  killed  on  the  road  by  the  militia,  from  behind  walls, 
fences,  &c.  The  people  were  now  thoroughly  aroused,  and 
the  cry  every  where  was,  "  Independence  or  Death."  On 
the  10th  of  May,  Congress  assembled  at  Philadelphia,  and 
fortunately  for  the  destinies  of  the  country  elected  General 
George  Wai^hington,  Commander-in-chief  of  the  American 
forces.  The  Commander-in-chief  joined  the  camp  at  Cam- 
bridge, on  the  2d  of  July ;  and  it  was  to  this  truly  great  man, 
together  with  the  wisdom  and  firmness  of  Congress,  the 
bravery  of  the  people,  and  the  assistance  of  the  French,  that 
America  owes  her  independence. 

On  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  Congress,  at  Philadelphia,  de- 
clared, in  a  document  a  model  for  style,  that  the  United 
States  of  America  were  "  Free,  sovereign,  and  independent." 
But,  although  the  Americans  through  their  representatives, 
had  declared  themselves  a  free  people,  it  was  not  until  they 
had  fought  a  series  of  battles,  distinguished  for  the  indomi- 
table bravery  and  courage  shown,  that  they  really  possessed 
that  right. 

Provisional  articles  of  peace,  acknowledging  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States,  were  signed  in  Paris,  November 
30th,  1782,  by  Adams,  Franklin,  and  Jay,  on  the  part  of  the 


^  J). 


36 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


United  States :  and  Mr.  Fitzherbert  and  Mr.  Oswald  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain.  The  definitive  treaty  was  signed  Sep- 
tember 30lh,  1783. 

The  government  which  continued  under  the  articles  of 
confederation  until  1788,  was  found  to  be  unequal  to  the 
wants  of  the  people,  and  inefficient  in  power.  In  May,  1787, 
delegates  from  the  several  states  assembled  at  Philadelphia ; 
and,  after  a  debate  of  four  months,  adopted  the  present  con- 
stitution, provided  that  the  ratification  of  nine  states  could 
be  had.  It  was  warmly  debated  by  the  state  conventions, 
but  finally  adopted  by  all.  Great  demonstrations  of  joy  were 
made  upon  the  accession  of  each  state.  The  constitution 
was  finally  ratified  by  Congress,  July  14tli,  1788.  The  elec- 
tors met  in  February,  1789,  and  unanimously  chose  Gkorge 
Washington  President,  and  John  Adams  Vice-President. 
Many  foreigners  have  supposed  that  before  this  country 
shall  have  have  attained  its  population  of  100  millions, 
that  it  would  be  divided  into  several  separate  nations ;  but 
after  seventy  years'  trial  of  the  constitution  and  forms  of 
government,  it  is  constantly  gaining  strength,  and  striking 
deeper  into  the  sentiments  of  the  people. 

General  Washington,  died  at  Mount  Vernon,  December 
14th,  1799,  of  an  inflammation  of  the  throat,  aged  68  years. 
The  nation  every  where  mourned  for  him  as  for  a  father, 
and  his  memory  will  be  revered  for  ever  by  his  country- 
men. -  -  yf  . 

In  1803,  Lousiana  was  purchased  of  the  French  for  Sl5,- 
000,000;  and  in  1821,  Florida  was  ceded  to  the  United  States 
by  Spain,  in  compensation  for  spoliations  on  American  com- 
merce, for  $5,000,000. 

In  1801  and  "2,  the  Pacha  of  Tripoli  demanded  tribute  for 
American  ships,  to  secure  them  from  piracy.  This  was  re- 
fused; the  American  consuls  were  dismissed,  and  several 
United  Stales  ships  taken.    War  was  deelared,  which  lasted 


*;vk. 


t^"'^ 


VIEW    OP    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


37 


if 

■00 


until  1805,  the  Tripolitans  suffering  severe  defeats.  A  treaty 
wusthen  made,  the  United  States  paying  $60,000  ransom  for 
American  prisoners. 

In  1806  and  '7  Napoleon  passed  the  Berlin  and  Milan  de- 
crees, the  effect  of  which  was  to  prevent  the  United  States 
from  trading  with  Great  Britain.  The  British  government, 
in  return,  passed  orders  to  prevent  the  United  States  from 
trading  with  France  and  her  allies.  Thus  American  vessels 
were  searched,  and  confiscated  by  the  navies  of  both  coun- 
tries. In  1807,  the  United  States  frigate  Chesapeake,  Com- 
modore Barron,  refusing  to  permit  a  search,  was  fired  into 
by  the  British  ship  Leopard,  Admiral  Berkeley,  and  four  men 
were  surrendered,  for  which  Commodore  Barron  was  tried, 
and  suspended  for  five  years.  An  embargo  was  issued  in  all 
the  American  ports  against  British  ships,  but  taken  off  in 
1809,  and  a  non-intercour.se  act  with  France  and  England 
passed  in  its  Ptead.  In  1808  the  African  slave-trade  was 
abolished.  In  18 1 1,  the  Indian  nations  under  Tecumseh  and 
his  brother,  "the  Prophet,"  made  war  upon  the  United 
States.  They  were  defeated  with  great  slaughter,  by  Gen. 
Harrison,  at  Tippecanoe.  In  1811,  an  action  took  place  be- 
the  United  States  ship  President,  and  the  Little  Belt,  a  British 
vessel;  the  latter  was  much  damaged.  Napoleon  revoked 
the  decrees  and  the  United  States  repealed  the  non-inter- 
course act.  '  ' 

On  the  4th  of  June,  1812,  war  was  declared  with  Great 
Britain  by  the  American  Congress,  by  a  vote  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  79  to  49 ;  and  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of 
19  to  13.  This  war  continued  with  various  success,  but 
most  advantageously  for  America,  until  peace  was  concluded 
at  Ghent,  December  24lh,  1814. 

In  1815,  the  Algerines  having  demanded  tribute  for  the 
privilege  of  trading  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  seized  several 
American  vessels,  Commodore  Decatur  was  despatched  with 

D 


Vi 


54 


88 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


i  K. 


lu 


an  expedition  against  them.  He  captured  an  Algerine  frigate 
of  44  guns,  a  brig  of  war,  procured  the  freedom  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, and  silenced  their  demands.  In  1816,  a  national  bank 
was  established,  with  a  capital  of -$35,000,000.  In  1818, 
the  Seminole  and  Creek  Indians  made  war  on  the  United 
States,  but  were  defeated  by  General  Jackson.  In  1832,  a 
bill  for  the  recharter  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  passed 
Congress,  and  was  vetoed  by  President  Jackson ;  there  not 
being  a  two-thirds  majority,  it  was  lost.  In  1833,  a  tariff 
law,  agreed  upon  by  all  parties,  with  protecting  duties  on 
imports,  was  passed.  In  1832,  the  Indians  again,  broke  out, 
under  Black  Hawk,  but  were  soon  defeated.  In  1835,  in 
consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  Seminole  Indians  to  leave 
Florida  and  emigrate  to  the  west,  a  war  was  commenced 
against  them ;  they  were  defeated,  and  at  the  present  time, 
1846,  nearly  all  have  emigrated. 

In  May  1837,  the  United  States  Bank  and  others  suspended 
specie  payments,  thus  deranging  monetary  affairs.  In  1837, 
some  Canadians  and  Americans  crossed  the  lines  to  assist  in 
overturning  the  British  government,  they  were  captured,  and 
some  were  executed  and  others  transported.  A  body  of  per- 
sons having  collected  on  Navy  Island,  who  were  about  to  as- 
sist in  the  insurrectionary  movement,  a  party  of  British 
crossed  over  in  the  night,  and  set  fire  to  their  steamboat,  by 
which  one  or  two  citizens'  lives  were  lost.  A  man  by  the 
name  of  M'Leod  was  arrested  in  New  York,  as  having  as- 
sisted in  the  burning,  and  was  tried  in  the  New  York  court. 
But  Great  Britain  having  taken  the  responsibility  upon  itself, 
demanded  his  restoration,  which  was  refused.  After  much 
diplomatic  correspondence,  the  affair  was  amicably  settled 
by  the  acquittal  of  M'Leod.  In  1842,  a  treaty  was  signed, 
settling  the  N.  E.  Boundary,  and  providing  for  the  reciprocal 
giving  up  of  fugitives,  &c.  A  new  and  high  tariff,  this  year 
went  into  operation.    In  1844,  the  Hon.  Caleb  Cushing  nego- 


VIEW   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


39 


tiated  a  treaty  of  commerce  with  China,  by  which  import- 
ant advantages  were  gained.  In  1845,  Congress  passed  re- 
solutions annexing  Texas  to  the  United  States,  which  were 
ratified  by  the  Texan  Congress,  and  it  now  forms  the  28th 
state ;  the  various  officers  for  its  government  have  been  ap- 
pointed. In  May  1846,  war  was  declared  against  Mexico, 
and  large  bodies  of  troops  were  sent  to  that  country.  Gen. 
Z.  P.  Taylor,  who  commanded,  distinguished  himself  in  sev- 
eral severe  battles,  and  was  made  Major-general.  '■% 


CIVIL  AND  SOCIAL  STATE.  "  *  ' 

The  United  States  if  they  continue  to  increase  in  the  pre- 
sent ratio  will  in  the  course  of  a  century  have  a  population 
of  160,000,000,  and  still  being  only  half  as  populous  as  Bri- 
tain or  France  will  leave  ample  scope  for  further  increase. 
If  they  continue  united  they  will  then  become  the  greatest 
nation  in  the  world,  and  the  most  powerful  of  the  states  of 
Europe  would  rank  as  secondary  to  them. 

The  population  exclusive  of  the  aboriginal  race,  consists 
of  three  classes ;  whites,  free  coloured  persons,  and  slaves ; 
the  comparative  number  of  each  in  1840,  when  the  popula- 
tion was  17,068,666,  was;  whites  14,189,108,  free  coloured 
386,245,  slaves  2,487,213.  Of  the  white  population,  although 
part  of  the  body  is  collected  from  various  nations  of  Europe, 
have  all  a  strong  national  feeling;  emigrants  soon  lose  their 
national  peculiarities  and  character,  by  intermarriages  and  a 
common  education,  and  embrace  the  cause  of  their  adopted 
country  with  almost  as  much  warmth  and  zeal,  as  the  natives 
of  the  soil. 

The  black  population,  including  not  only  the  negroes  but 
the  mulatto  breeds,  form  rather  more  than  one  sixth  of  the 
whole  population  of  the  country.  In  some  states  the  free 
blacks  are  admitted  to  political  privileges,  but  the  number 


■m^' 


¥■ 


40 


VIEW    OP   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


of  such  is  but  few ;  in  some,  their  testimony  is  not  admitted 
against  a  white  man,  and  they  are  subject  to  several  other 
civil  disabilities.  Slavery  has  been  abolished  in  the  Eastern 
states  and  has  never  been  permitted  in  the  Noithwestem 
states.  By  a  law  of  the  U.  S.  government  passed  in  1808, 
the  importation  of  slaves  into  the  country  was  prohibited,  and 
it  is  believed  that  the  number  since  clandestinely  introduced 
has  been  very  small.  Of  the  28  states  now  forming  the  re- 
public slavery  exists  hi  only  about  13,  principally  in  the 
southern  and  some  few  of  the  middle  and  western  states.  To 
the  foreigner  who  comes  imbued  with  some  of  the  ideas  of 
the  bad  treatment  which  this  part  of  the  population  are  said 
to  suffer,  he  will  be  agreeably  surprised  to  find  a  far  different 
state  of  the  case ;  the  blacks  generally  ^vorking  cheerfully, 
are  well  taken  care  of,  and  enjoying  many  privileges ;  in  fact 
the  majority  of  them  if  asked  the  question,  would  prefer 
their  present  condition. 

The  Americans  have  lost  none  of  the  eminently  humane 
traits  of  their  English  ancestors,  to  which  the  numerous  be- 
nevolent, charitable,  educational,  moral,  and  religious  socie- 
ties in  the  United  States,  bear  ample  testimony. 

The  United  States  which,  comparatively,  were  but  a  few 
years  since  thinly  populated  and  partially  cultivated,  are  now 
well  settled  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  with  numerous 
splendid  cities  and  towns,  connected  with  each  other  by  the 
most  extensive  internal  means  of  communication  in  the  world. 
The  Americans  have  built  up  a  social  system  pre-eminently 
calculated  to  promote  the  happiness  and  moral  improvement 
of  mankind ;  the  cheapness  and  efficiency  of  their  govern- 
ment, the  universality  of  education,  the  omnipresence  of  the 
periodical  press,  the  high  feeling  of  self  respect  which  exists 
in  the  very  humblest  classes,  and  the  boundless  enterprise 
which  pervades  the  whole  society,  will  always  combine  to 
keep  their  country  in  the  first  rank. 


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Tins,  the  principal  city  of  the  State  of  New  York,  is  in 
population,  wealth,  and  commerce,  the  largest  city  in  the 
United  States.  It  has  fine  harbours,  a  central  position,  great 
natural  facilities  for  inland  communication,  and  other  ad- 
vantages which  will  always  enable  it  to  maintain  its  prece- 
dence. It  is  86  m.  N.  E.  from  Philadelphia,  210  m.  S. 
W.  Boston,  225  m.  N.  E.  Washington,  670  m.  N.  E.  Charles- 
ton, 146  m.  S.  of  Albany,  372  m.  S.  of  Montreal,  1370  m.  N. 
of  New  Orleans,  and  is  in  40°  42'  40"  N.  lat.,  and  74°  1'  8" 
W.  long,  from  Greenwich,  and  3°  0'  16"  E.  long,  from  Wash- 
ington.       V       '        .  •'-        ^;\  %»  .  .'    .  1/. 

The  city  is  situated  on  the  southern  extremity  of  Man- 
hattan Island,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson  or  North,  and 
East  rivers.  The  city  and  county  of  New  York  have  the 
same  limits,  comprising  the  whole  of  Manhattan  island, 
which  is  13i  m.  in  length,  and  2  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth, 
containing  about  14,000  acres.  It  is  connected  with  the 
main  land  on  the  N.  side  by  3  bridges,  Harlem,  Macomb's, 
and  King's,  crossing  the  Harlem  river;  with  Long  Island  by 
4  ferries  to  Brooklyn,  and  3  to  Williamsburg;  with  New 
Jersey  by  2  ferries  to  Jersey  City,  and  3  to  Hoboken ;  there 
are  also  2  ferries  to  Staten  Island,  and  1  to  Hellgate. 

New  York  has  two  harbours,  the  inner  of  which,  25  m.  in 
circumference,  is  spacious  and  safe,  extending  8  m.  from  the 
narrows  to  the  city,  and  farther  up  the  North  and  East 
rivers,  bringing  the  largest  vessels  to  its  wharves.  The 
outer  harbour  extends  from  the  narrows  to  Sandy  Hook, 
18  m.  from  the  city.  Each  harbour  is  strongly  defended  by 
several  forts,  which  together  with  this  excellence,  and  other 
41  D  2 


42 


NEW    YORK    CITY. 


great  natural  advantages  have  combined  to  render  it  not 
only  the  metropolis  of  the  United  States,  but  the  second 
commercial  city  on  the  globe. 

That  part  of  the  city  which  is  built,  extends  over  3  m. 
on  each  river,  and  the  compact  part  has  a  circumference 
of  over  9  m.  Most  of  the  streets  are  very  crooked,  and 
some,  which  were  very  narrow,  have  been  widened  at 
great  expense.  The  modern  built  or  N.  portion  laid  out  by 
Gov.  Morris,  De  Witt  Clinton,  and  others,  exhibits  a  very 
regular  and  beautiful  appearance.      ',;        '    ; 

Broadway,  the  principal  street,  is  80  ft.  wide,  and  runs 
perfectly  straight  through  the  centre  of  the  city  for  2i  m., 
commencing  at  the  Battery  at  the  S.  end.  It  is  well  built, 
with  many  fine  dwellings,  and  the  largest  retail  stores.  It 
is  the  great  promenade  of  the  city  for  the  gay  and  fashion- 
able. The  Bowery  is  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  Broad- 
wa)?,  running  parallel  with  it,  and  is  much  wider.  Pearl  st.j 
between  Broadway  and  the  East  river,  is  in  a  crescent  form, 
over  a  mile  long,  and  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  wholesale 
dry-goods,  and  hardware  business,  which  has  also  extended 
into  Cedar,  Pine,  and  other  near  streets.  Front,  Water,  and 
Soiith  sts.,  between  Pearl  and  the  East  river,  are  occupied 
chiefly  by  wholesale  grocers,  commission  and  shipping  mer- 
chants, &c.  Wall  s^  which  commences  at  Broadway  opposite 
to  Trinity  church,  extends  to  the  East  river,  and  is  occupied 
chiefly  by  banks,  insurance,  newspaper,  and  brokers'  offices. 
Chatham  st.  is  the  great  thoroughfare  .connecting  the  Bowery 
with  Broadway  and  Nassau  st.  £05^  Broadway,  Henry,  Madi- 
son and  Monroe  sts.,  are  in  the  N.  £.  part  of  the  city,  and 
are  beautifully  built.  Canal  st.,  a  wide  street.,  half  a  mile 
N.  of  the  City  Hall,  crosses  Broadway  at  right  angles,  and 
is  the  centre  of  a  great  retail  business.  Greenwich  and 
Hudson  sts.  are  both  beautiful  and  wide  streets,  running 
parallel  with  the  Hudson  river,  the  whole  extent  of  the  city. 


'^ 


PUBLIC    SQUARES. 


43 


n 


)U 


Tho  principal  shipping  business  is  transacted  on  the  East 
river  front,  although  there  are  many  wharves  on  the  North 
river.  Vessels  arrive  from  and  depart  to  most  of  the  com- 
mercial nations  of  the  globe.  The  line  of  steamships  to 
Liverpool,  consists  of  the  Great  Western,  and  the  mammoth 
Great  Britain.  There  are  also  packet  lines  of  ships  of  the 
largest  class,  with  elegant  accommodations,  which  sail  for 
Liverpool  every  five  days,  for  London  every  ten  days,  for 
Havre  every  eight  days ;  and  other  lines  for  the  various  ports 
in  the  United  States. 

The  city  has  several  handsome  squares,  among  which 
are ;  the  BcUtery,  a  superb  promenade  ground  in  the  form  of 
a  crescent  at  the  S.  end  containing  eleven  acres.  It  is 
handsomely  laid  out,  at  an  expense  of  $150,000,  and  affords 
a  fine  view  of  the  bay  and  harbour,  with  the  islands  and  for- 
tifications, and  the  surrounding  shores.  In  the  hottest  part 
of  summer,  the  air  here  is  delightfully  cooled  by  the  ocean 
breezes.  Castle  Garden  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge,  is 
capable  of  holding  ten  thousand  persons. 

The  Bowling  Green,  is  a  small  enclosure  at  the  S.  end 
of  Broadway,  so  called  from  having  been  used  as  a  bowling 
alley  by  the  British,  during  the  Revolution.  It  is  now  orna- 
mented by  a  handsome  fountain. 

The  Park  is  a  triangular  area  of  about  ten  acres,  on  Broad- 
way, in  the  centre  of  the  S.  portion  of  the  city.  It  contains 
the  City  Hall,  and  other  public  buildings,  and  is  handsomely 
laid  out.  The  fountain,  supplied  by  the  Croton,  is  the  largest 
in  the  city,  and  is  so  arranged  that  various  sets  of  jets  can 
be  played  at  different  times ;  the  water  when  thrown  up  in 
a  single  body,  ascends  to  the  height  of  about  70  ft.,  falling 
into  the  basin  100  ft.  in  diameter. 

St.  John's  Park,  or  Hudson  Square,  in  the  W,  part  of  the  city, 
belongs  to  Trinity  church,  and  is  the  most  beautiful  in  the  city. 
It  has  a  fountain,  and  numerous  beds  of  handsome  flowers. 


M 


''^■vV- 


44 


NEW   YORK   CITY. 


Washington  Square,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  between 
4th  St.  and  Waverley  place,  is  also  a  beautiful  spot,  sur- 
rounded by  handsome  dwellings;  on  one  side  are  the  Uni- 
versity, and  a  splendid  church. 

Union  Place  is  an  oval  square,  on  Broadway  above  14th 
St.,  and  contains  a  handsome  fountain.  The  other  public 
squares  are  Tompkins,  Madison,  Hamilton,  Bellevue,  and 
Stuyvesant  squares.  .  >    - 


THE   CITY    HALL, 


Formerly  considered  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the 
United  States,  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  Park,  and  consists 
of  a  main  building  with  wings,  ornamented  with  columns 
and  pilasters  of  the  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  composite  orders. 
The  front  and  ends  are  of  white  marble,  and  the  rear  of 
brown  freestone.  It  is  216  ft.  long  by  105  ft.  wide,  com- 
pleted in  1812,  at  a  cost  of  $538,734.  Over  the  centre  is  a 
fine  cupola,  containing  the  town  clock,  and  in  the  rear  is  a 
smaller  one  containing  the  alarm  bell,  weighing  6,910  lbs., 
with  a  tongue  6  ft.  long ;  it  is  probably  the  largest  bell  in 
the  United  States.  There  are  four  entrances  to  the  building. 
It  contains  the  Governor's  room,  in  which  there  are  some 
very  fine  portraits ;  the  Council's  hall,  embellished  by  fine 
portraits,  and  containing  the  chair  used  by  Washington, 
when  President  of  the  first  Congress  j  and  the  Civil  court, 
Mayor's,  Aldermen's  rooms,  and  other  public  offices.  Ac- 
cess to  the  roof  or  any  of  the  rooms  is  readily  obtained,  by 
applying  at  the  keeper's  door ;  it  is  well  worth  a  visit. 

The  Hdl  of  Records  is  to  the  E.  of  the  City  Hall. 


\ 


THE   HALL   OF   JUSTICE, 

Vulgarly  called  "  the  Tombs,"  occupies  the  lot  of  ground 
between  Centre  and  Elm,  and  Leonard  and  Franklin  sts.    It 


\ ". 


% 


I 


\l 


EXCHANGE    AND    CUSTOM    HOUSE. 


4S 


is  built  of  light  granite,  in  the  massive  Egyptian  style,  and 
finished  in  1838.  It  is  253  ft.  long  by  200  ft.  wide,  occu- 
pying the  four  sides  of  a  hollow  square,  with  a  centre  buikU 
ing  in  the  area.  The  criminal  courts  hold  their  sessions  here. 
Visiters  are  admitted  to  the  male  or  female  prisons,  between 
10  A.  M.  and  2  P.  M. 

THE  merchants'  EXCHANGE, 

Erected  on  the  site  of  the  former  one,  which  was  destroyed 
in  the  great  fire  of  1835,  is  the  largest  and  most  costly  edifice 
in  the  city.  It  occupies  the  space  of  ground  between  Wall, 
William,  Exchange,  and  Hanover  streets.  It  is  fire-proof, 
built  in  the  most  substantial  form  of  dark  blue  Quincy  granite, 
and  is  200  ft.  long,  171  to  144  ft.  wide,  77  ft.  high  to  the  top 
of  the  cornice,  and  121  ft.  to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The 
front  on  Wall  street  has  a  recessed  portico  of  18  massive 
and  beautifully  wrought  Ionic  columns,  38  ft.  high,  and  4  ft. 
4  in.  in  diameter,  each  formed  from  a  solid  block  of  granite, 
weighing  45  tons,  said  to  be  next  to  the  largest  in  the  world, 
and  costing  $3,000  each.  The  exchange  room  or  rotunda,  a 
magnificent  apartment,  in  the  centre  of  the  building,  is  100  ft. 
in  diameter,  surmounted  with  a  dome  of  solid  masonry  80  ft. 
in  diameter,  supported  in  part  by  8  Corinthian  columns  of 
Italian  marble,  41  ft.  high,  and  lighted  by  a  skylight  25  ft. 
in  diameter.  The  whole  cost  of  the  building  and  ground 
was  $1,800,000.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  Board  of 
Brokers  meet  here,  and  there  is  also  an  extensive  reading 
room. 


\\- 


THE   CUSTOM   HOUSE, 


At  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nassau  streets,  is  a  splendid  build- 
ing, modelled  after  and  nearly  of  the  same  size  as  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens.    It  is  built  entirely  of  marble,  perfectly 


40 


NEW   YORK   CITY. 


fire-proof,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the  old  Federal  Hall,  in 
which  General  Washin;:fton  was  inaugurated  in  1789.  It  is 
200  ft.  long,  90  wide,  and  80  ft.  in  height ;  has  two  fronts,  tho 
S.  on  Wall  street,  the  N.  on  Pine  street,  each  having  a 
portico  of  8  Doric  colnmns,  32  ft.  high  3  on  each  side  are 
13  pilasters  in  keeping  with  the  porticoes.  The  business  hall 
is  a  splendid  circular  room  in  the  centre  of  the  building,  80 
ft.  in  diameter,  with  a  dome,  supported  by  16  beautiful  Co- 
rinthian columns,  30  ft.  in  height.  The  ceilings  of  the  apart- 
ments are  arched,  and  richly  ornamented  with  stucco ;  tho 
roof  is  entirely  of  marble.  The  building  is  two  stories  high 
above  the  basement,  and  was  finished  in  1841,  at  a  cost  of 
$950,000,  and  including  the  ground,  $1,175,000.  The  num- 
ber of  officers  employed  is  354,  of  whom  nearly  two  hundred 
are  inspectors.  The  business  hours  are  from  10  A.  M.  to 
3  P.M. 


THE   POST-OFFICE, 

Is  now  located  fh  what  was  formerly  the  Middle  Dutch 
Church,  situated  in  Nassau  st.,  between  Cedar  and  Liberty 
ets.  The  building,  which  is  over  150  years  old,  has  under- 
gone many  changes  since  its  erection,  having  been  used  by 
the  British  during  the  revolutionary  war,  as  a  riding  school, 
a  prison,  and  a  hospital,  and  now  for  its  present  purpose.  Its 
internal  arrangements  are  very  convenient ;  the  postmaster 
is  able  to  see  from  his  room  all  that  transpires  in  the  building. 
The  ofRce  hours  are  from  8  A.  M.  to  7  P.  M. ;  and,  on  Sun- 
days, from  9  to  10  A.  M.  and  from  12i  to  1^  P.  M. 

LITERARY    INSTITUTIONS. 

» 

,  The  City  University,  fronting  Washington  Square,  be- 
tween Washington  Place  and  Waverley  Place,  is  a  noble 
edifice  in  the  English  collegiate  style,  finished  in  1836.     It 


if 


/t 


« 

H 
O 

d 
« 


i 


:;5nff; 


■* 


LITERARY    INSTITUTIONS. 


'41^ 


is  built  of  white  marble,  with  a  centre  building  with  wings, 
flanked  by  towers,  one  rising  on  each  of  the  four  corners  of 
the  edifice.  It  is  180  ft.  long  and  100  ft.  wide,  and  has  a 
commanding  appearance,  especially  when  seen  from  the 
square  opposite-  The  institution  was  founded  in  1831,  and 
has  a  president  and  1 1  professors ',  there  is  attached  to  it, 
a  medical  department  and  a  grammar  school,  the  whole 
containing  over  700  students,  a  valuable  library,  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus.  The  chapel  open  for  worship  on  Sun- 
days is  a  most  beautiful  one  of  the  kind. 

The  Columbia  College  is  the  oldest  and  best  endowed  in 
the  city.  It  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  square  between  Cha- 
pel, Church,  and  Murray  sts. ;  is  200  ft.  long  and  50  ft.  wide, 
with  wings  at  each  end.  It  has  a  president  and  10  profes- 
sors, 1107  alumni,  100  students,  and  15,000  volumes  in  its  li- 
braries, with  a  museum,  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus. 

The  General  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Episcopal 
Church,  corner  of  9th  avenue  and  20th  street,  consists  of  two 
handsome  stone  buildings.  It  was  founded  in  1819,  has  5 
professors,  75  students,  and  a  library  of  nearly  ip,000  vols. 
The  Board  of  Trustees  consist  of  all  the  bishops,  and  one 
trustee  from  each  diocese  in  the  United  States. 

The  New  York  Theological  Seminary,  near  the  Univer- 
sity, was  organized  in  1836,  has  6  professors,  104  students, 
and  a  library  of  over  16,000  vols. 

The  Public  School  Society,  incorporated  in  1805,  has  18 
schools  with  their  departments,  and  50  primary  schools,  con- 
taining over  20,000  scholars.  There  are  also  numerous  pub- 
lic district  schools.  The  Rutgers  Female  Institute  in  Maiden 
St.,  has  nearly  500  scholars.  The  Mechanics^  School,  in  Crosby 
St.,  has  550  scholars.  The  Prot.  Episcopal  School,  is  also  a 
flourishing  institution.  .  w^:       '      ,-  *  »    r^    ^^^- 

The  New  York  Society  Library,  the  oldest  literary  as- 
sociation, was  founded  in  1754.    It  has  a  beautiful  building 


TTr^ 


48 


NEW   YORK   CITY. 


I  -' 


of  brown  freestone,  in  the  Ionic  style,  erected  at  an  expense 
of  $120,000.  It  fronts  on  Broadway  at  the  corner  of  Leonard  ' 
St.,  and  contains  over  40,000  vols.,  to  which  large  additions 
are  annually  made.  Strangers  are  admitted  whtn  introduced 
by  a  member,  and  books  are  loaned  on  leaving  a  deposit.  In 
addition  to  the  library  and  reading  rooms,  there  are  rooms 
for  study  and  reference,  for  conversation,  and  for  lectures. 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association,  in  Clinton  Hall,  in 
Beekman,  corner  of  Nassau  st.,  possesses  a  library  of  23,000 
vols.,  a  reading  room,  lecture  room,  and  a  cabinet  of  minerals. 

The  New  York  Historical  Society,  formed  in  1804,  is 
located  in  the  University,  and  possesses  a  library  of  12,000 
vols.,  and  a  collection  of  coins  and  minerals. 

Clinton  Hall  Association,  was  founded  in  1830,  for  the 
promotion  of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts,  and  possesses 
a  large  hall  in  Beekman,  corner  of  Nassau  st. 

The  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  have  a  room  in  the  Uni- 
versity Medical  School ;  it  is  composed  of  scientific  men,  and 
possesses  a  large  library,  cabinet  of  minerals,  shells,  plants, 
and  other  specimens  in  natural  history. 

The  Apprentices'  Library,  in  Crosby  St.,  contains  12.000 
vols.,  read  by  1800  apprentices. 

The  American  Institute,  for  the  encouragement  of  Ame- 
rican industry,  has  a  library  of  5000  vols.,  situated  in  the 
building  in  the  rear  of  the  City  Hall.  It  holds  annual  exhibi- 
tions of  specimensof  American  ingenuity  and  industry,  which 
are  very  interesting.  . 

The  other  miscellaneous  institutions  are  the  Law  Institute 
in  the  City  Hall,  with  a  library  of  3500  vols. ;  the  Apollo 
Association  of  fine  arts  j  the  Sacred  Music  Society  ;  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce ;  the  Board  of  Trade.  &c.,  &c. 

The  rooms  of  the  Am£rican  Art  Union,  322  Broadway, 
near  Pearl  st. ;  the  rooms  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design^ 
Broadway,  corner  of  Leonard  St.,  which  has  also  annual  ex- 


'^ 


M. 


PUBLIC    INSTITUTIONS. 


m 


I 

I 


hibitions  during  April,  May,  and  June  j  the  New  York  Gal- 
lery of  Fine  Arts,  in  the  Rotunda  in  the  Park,  &c.,  are  well 
worth  visiting. 

The  Arsenal,  in  Centre  St.,  next  to  the  city  prison,  occu- 
pies the  whole  square,  and  generally  contains  about  50,000 
stand  of  arras  beautifully  arranged,  cannon,  ammunition,  and 
interesting  trophies  taken  from  the  English. 

BENEVOLENT   AND   MEDICAL   INSTITUTIONS.  ' 

The  New  York  Hospital,  in  Broadway,  between  Duane 
and  Anthony  sts.,  has  three  large  buildings,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating 300  patients,  and  was  founded  in  1771.  It 
has  a  branch  institution  for  the  insane,  near  the  Blooming- 
dale  road,  about  7  m.  from  the  city;  this  consists  of  a  main 
building  210  ft.  long,  and  60  ft.  wide,  and  two  smaller  build- 
ings. It  is  beautifully  situated  on  elevated  ground,  hand- 
somely laid  out. 

The  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Du.\ib,  situated  on 
50th  St.,  near  4th  avenue,  has  a  building  110  ft.  long,  and 
60  ft.  wide,  and  accommodates  160  patients;  it  has  a  prin- 
cipal and  8  professors. 

The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  on  9th  avenue,  near 
33d  street,  is  an  imposing  structure  of  granite  in  the  Gothic 
style,  and  generally  contains  about  60  pupils.  '  *'- 

The  Orphan  Asylum,  situated  at  Bloomingdale,  near 
80th  St.,  about  5  m.  from  the  city,  is  beautifully  situated,  over- 
looking the  Hudson.  It  is  a  handsome  building  of  stone,  in 
imitation  of  yellow  marble. 

The  University  Medical  School,  in  Broadway  above 
Bleecker  St.,  has  a  splendid  granite  edifice,  with  a  recessed 
portico  of  4  columns,  and  contains  lecture  rooms,  a  library, 
and  a  valuable  museum. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  Crosby  st. 
4  £ 


NEW    YORK   CITY. 


i  "  'i 


••■'VsK  - 


near  Spring  st.  was  founded  in  1807,  has  8  professors,  a  li- 
brary of  over  1000  vols.,  and  an  anatomical  museum. 

The  State  Hospital  of  New  York,  chartered  in  1839,  have 
lately  erected  a  iuitable  buildii  x  on  the  lot  of  ground  be- 
tWf'^Ti  5th  and  6th  avenues,  and  42d  and  43d  sts. 

..  iiere  are  two  Dispensaries  in  the  chy.  On  Staten  Island 
are,  the  Marine  Hospital  under  the  direction  of  the  Health 
Commissioners,  the  Seamen's  Retreat,  also  a  state  institution, — 
and,  the  Sailors^  Snug  Harbour,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island, 
founded  by  the  late  Capt.  Randall.  The  U.  S.  Naval  Hospi- 
tal is  at  Brooklyn,  near  the  Navy  Yard.  At  Bellevue  on  tho 
East  r.  are  several  public  buildings,  as  the  the  New  Alms- 
house and  Hospital, — the  House  of  Refuge  for  juvenile  delin- 
quents ;  and,  a  Penitentiary  for  female  convicts.  An  Asylum 
for  the  Insane  Poor  has  been  recently  erected  on  Blackwell's 
island,  where  there  is  also  a  prison  for  male  convicts. 

Besides  the  above  there  are  numerous  other  charitable  and 
benevolent  institutions,  as  also  numerous  religious  associa- 
tions. 


CHURCHES. 


.::?j-M 


■.--:.:^^-  I  EM. 


There  are  217  Churches  In  New  York,  many  of  which  pos- 
sess splendid  edifices.    The  most  magnificent  is — 

Trinity  Church,  Episcopal,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in 
the  city,  and  most  complete  Ecclesiastical  Gothic  structure 
in  the  U.  States.  It  is  situated  on  Broadway,  at  the  head  of 
Wall  St.,  built  of  a  light  brown  freestone,  beautifully  orna- 
mented. It  was  commenced  in  1841,  finished,  and  conse- 
crated on  Ascension  day  1846,  and  is  192  ft.  long,  84  ft.  wide, 
with  a  beautiful  stone  spire  264  ft.  I  h,  containing  a  chime 
of  bells  and  a  large  clock,  and  forming  one  of  the  most  pro- 
minent objectt?  as  the  traveller  approaches  the  city.  The 
organ  is  the  largest  ever  built  in  this  country.  Rev.  Dr. 
Wainwright,  rector.  h 


vll 


■i# 


TRINITY     CHURCU 


^- 1 


CHURCHES. 


M 


St.  Paul's  Chapel,  Ep.,  on  Broadway,  between  Fulton 
and  Vesey  sts.,  is  151  by  73  ft.,  with  a  spire  203  ft.  high. 
It  was  erected  in  1765,  the  steeple  in  1794,  and  is  a  venera- 
ble looking  building  of  dark  gray  stone.  There  is  a  largo 
figure  of  St.  Paul  in  the  front,  and  also  monuments  to  Gen. 
Montgomery  who  fell  at  Quebec,  and  to  Emmett  the  Irish 
orator. 

St.  Mark's  Church,  Ep.j  on  Stuyvcsant  St.,  E.  of  the 
Bowery,  of  dark  gray  stone,  was  built  in  1799,  and  a  steeple 
added  in  1826.    Rev.  Dr.  Anthon. 

St.  George's  Church,  Ep.,  corner  of  Beekman  and  Cliff 
sts.  is  of  brown  stone,  erected  in  1752.    Rev.  Dr.  Tyng. 

St.  John's  Chapel,  Ep.  on  Varick  st.  opposite  St.  John's 
square,  was  erected  in  1810,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.  It  is  a 
beautiful  edifice  of  brown  sandstone,  in  the  Corinthian  style, 
132  ft.  by  80  ft.,  with  an  admirably  proportioned  steeple, 
215  ft.  high. 

St.  Thomas'  Church,  corner  Broadway  and  Houston  sts., 
is  a  stately  building,  in  the  Gothic  style,  62  ft.  wide  by  1 13  ft. 
deep.  It  was  finished  in  1826,  and  has  two  octagon  towers 
80  ft.  high,  one  at  each  front  corner. 

Grace  Church,  Ep.,  on  Broadway  above  lOlh  st.,  is  of 
white  marble,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  buildings  in  the  city.  It  is  in  the  Gothic  style,  with 
stained  glass  windows,  and  was  erected  in  1845.  at  a  cost  of 
$145,000. 

The  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  on  Washington  square,  is 
a  beautiful  Gothic  edifice  of  dark-coloured  granite,  erected 
in  1840. 

The  French  Church,  Ep.,  corner  of  Franklin  and  Church 
sts. ;  the  First  Baptist  Church,  corner  of  Broome  and  Eliza- 
beth sts. ;  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  R.  Catholic,  corner  of  Prince 
and  Mott  sts. ;  First  Presbyterian  Church,  5th  avenue,  be- 
tween 11th  and  12th  sts.;  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  on  La- 


52 


NEW    YORK    CITY. 


fayette  Place;  First  Unitarian  Church,  Broadway  between 
Spring  and  Prince  sts. ;  Presbyterian  Church,  University 
Place;  and  others,  are  splendid  churches,  for  which  New 
York  is  celebrated,  and  deserve  a  particular  notice,  and  the 
visit  of  the  stranger. 

There  are  25  Banks  in  New  York,  with  an  aggregate  capi- 
tal of  about  $30,000,000,  many  of  them  having  splendid  edi- 
fices. Several  Marine  Insurance  companies  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $3,500,000 ;  22  Fire  Insurance  companies  with 
a  capital  of  $6,360,000 ;  and  4  Savings  Banks.  . 
I  There  are  15  Markets,  well  supplied  by  the  surrounding 
country. 

The  city  is  lighted  with  gas  suppUed  by  the  N.  Y.  Gas 
Light  company,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Canal  and  Cen- 
tre sts.,  who  have  laid  down  30  m.  of  iron  pipes. 


m 


CROTON    WATER    WORKS. 


The  city  is  supplied  with  water  brought  from  the  Croton 
river  by  the  most  extensive  works  of  the  kind  ever  erect- 
ed, costing  over  $12,000,000.  They  were  commenced  in 
1837,  and  finished  in  1842.  The  Croton  r.  is  dammed 
6  m.  from  its  mouth  on  the  Hudson ;  the  dam  is  250  ft.  long, 
70  ft.  wide  at  the  bottom,  7  ft.  at  the  top,  and  40  ft.  high, 
built  of  stone  and  cement.  It  creates  a  pond  5  m.  long, 
covering  a  surface  of  400  acres,  and  elevates  the  water 
40  ft.  From  the  dam  the  aqueduct  proceeds,  sometimes 
tunnelling  through  solid  rocks  and  crossing  valleys  by  em- 
bankments, through  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  33  m.  until  it 
reaches  Harlaem  r.  It  is  built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement, 
arched  over  and  under,  6  ft.  3  in.  wide  at  bottom,  7  ft.  8  in. 
at  the  top  of  the  side  walls  which  are  8  ft.  5  in.  high,  has 
a  descent  of  13^  in.  per  mile,  and  will  discharge  60,000,000 
gallons  in  24  hours.     It  crosses  Harlaem  river  on  a  magnifi- 


PLACES    OP    AMUSEMENT. 


58 


cent  bridge,  1450  ft.  long,  with  14  piers,  114  ft.  above 
tidewater  at  the  top,  and  costing  nearly  $1,000,000.  The 
receiving  reservoir  is  at  86th  St.,  38  m.  from  the  Croton  dam, 
covers  35  acres,  and  contains  150,000,000  gallons.  The 
water  is  conveyed  to  the  distributing  reservoir  on  Murray's 
Hill  in  40th  St.,  by  iron  pipes ;  it  covers  4  acres,  is  43  ft.  high 
above  the  street,  and  holds  20,000,000  gallons.  Thence  the 
water  is  distributed  by  about  150  m.  of  pipe,  principally  from 
6  to  12  in.  in  diameter.  The  introduction  of  this  water  has 
been  of  vast  use,  and  lessened  the  rates  of  insurance  40  cts. 
on  the  dollar. 

The  government  of  the  city  is  in  the  hands  of  a  mayor  and 
common  councils.  The  city  is  divided  into  17  wards,  each 
of  which  elects  an  alderman,  an  assistant  alderman,  two 
assesors,  one  collector,  and  two  constables.  Pop.  in  1800, 
60,489  ;  in  1840,  312,710;  present  pop.  about  400,000.  Value 
of  real  and  personal  estate  in  1846,  $239,938,317. 


PLACES    OF   AMUSEMENT. 

Park  Theatre,  opposite  the  Park,  best  and  most  fashion- 
able ;  Bowery  Thcaire,  Bowery  near  Chatham  st.,  mediocre ; 
MitchelVs  Olympic,  Broadway  below  Grand  st.,  very  popu- 
lar; Niblo^s  Garden,  Broadway  corner  of  Prince  St.,  very 
popular  and  fashionable;  Chatham  Theatre,  Chatham  near 
Roosevelt  St.,  lowcomedy;  Palmo's  Opera  /Zbusg,  Chambers 
St.  opposite  the  Paik,  now  converted  into  a  theatre;  the 
American  Museum,  Broadway  near  the  Park,  containing 
over  half  a  million  curiosities,  well  worth  visiting;  Castle 
Garden,  open  day  and  evening,  and  commanding  a  splendid 
view  of  the  harbour,  its  islands,  and  other  scenery;  Vaux- 
hall  Garden,  408  Bowery;  Neio  York  Museum,  Broadway 
opposite  the  City  Hall,  contains  an  extensive  and  interesting 

collection  of  curiosities,  and  portraits. 

r  *> 


<•»  V^" 


NEW    V  O  l»  K,  C  I  T  V. 


HOTELS. 


1  t 


These  though  numerous,  are  at  times  insufficient  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  travelling  public.  The  followhig  are 
the  principal  ones. 

Astor  House^  Broadway  between  Barclay  and  Vesey  sta., 
of  granite,  6  stories  high.  *    t;  ''■'       «9<t    v' 

-American  //o/c?,  Broadway  corner  of  Blarclay  St.      ■ 

Athenceum  Hotel,  347  "  "        Leonard  st. 

Atlantic  Hotel,  5  "        near  the  Battery. 

Bmery  Hotel,  No.  8  Battery  Place. 

Carlton  House,  Broadway  corner  of  Leonard  st. 

City  Hotel,  "         between  Cedar  and  Thames  sts. 

Clinton  Hotel,  Beekman  corner  of  Nassau  st. 

Croton  Hotel,  (temperance)  142,  Broadway. 

Dunning's  Hotel,  Cortland  corner  of  Washington  st. 

Eagle  Hotel,  61  B\'osid\\a.y.       ,    .,,       :     i 

Franklin  House,        "        corner  of  Pey  st. 

Globe  Hotel,  66         " 

HowariVs  Hotel,        "        corner  of  Maiden  Lane. 

Lovejoy^s  Hotel,  Park-Row,  corner  of  Beekman  st. 

Mansion  House,  39  Broadway. 

Merchants  Hotel,  Cortlandt  near  Greenwich  st. 

Northern  Hotel,  "        corner  of  West  st.        '  ' 

Pacific  Hotel,  162  Greenwich.  Bt.  . +: 

Pearl  Street  House,  88  Pearl  st.   ,        .  - 

Rathhurn's  Neio  Hotel,  Broadway. 

United  States  Hotel,  Fulton,  between  Pearl  and  Master  sts. 

Washington  Hotel,  Broadway,  corner  of  Reade  st. 

JTaveWi/ i/oMse,  56  Broadway.  , 

Western  Hotel,  9  Cortlandt  st.  near  Broadway.  ' 

Tammany  Hall,  Nassau,  comer  of  Frankfort  st..  and  seve- 
ral other  public  houses,  hire  out  rooms  without  meals,  on  the 
European  plan.  -      ;  i/ . •     .'-  .    '  > 


y 


PLACES  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 


'     BROOKLYN. 


This  city  is  situated  at  the  W.  end  of  Long  Island,  oppo- 
site the  S.  portion  of  tiie  city  of  New  York,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  East  r.,  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide, 
and  is  reached  by  steam  ferry  boats,  which  leave  from  the 
foot  of  Fulton  St.,  Catharine  st.,  Walnut  st.,  and  Whitehall, 
every  few  minutes.  It  is  the  second  place  in  population  in 
the  state,  and  the  seventh  in  the  United  States ;  it  has  and 
still  continues  to  increase  in  an  unexampled  manner;  in  1810, 
the  populal/on  was  4402;  in  1820,  7175;  in  1830,  15,396;  in 
1840,  36,233;  and  at  present,  is  about  60,000.  This  extra- 
ordinary increase  is  owing  to  its  facilities  for  communication 
with  New  York,  inducing  many  persons  to  prefer  Brooklyn 
for  residence  to  the  upper  part  of  New  York. 

The  ground  on  which  Brooklyn  is  built  is  higher  than  that 
of  its  sister  city,  the  air  is  purer,  and  it  commands  a  beau- 
tiful prospect  of  the  ba)'^  and  the  surrounding  shores.  The 
city  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  streets  generally  straight 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  mostly  paved  and  lighted, 
and  ornamented  with  trees.  The  houses  are  well  built, 
many  of  them  splendid  buildings,  especially  those  erected 
within  a  few  years. 

The  Public  Building:,  are  neat  and  commodious,  though 
not  of  striking  appearance.  The  foundation  of  a  City  Hall 
to  cost  over  half  a  million  of  dollars,  was  laid  some  years, 
but  its  position  was  unfavourable,  and  the  work  has  never 
progressed  beyond  the  basement.  The  city  authorities  oc- 
cupy a  building  formerly  the  Apprentices'  Library  building. 
The  Lyceumj  on  Washington  st.,  is  a  fine  building  of  granite, 

55 


m 


11 


M 


VICINITY    OF    NEW    V  O  R  K. 


I  * 


with  a  spacious  lecture  room.  The  City  Library  has  a  roacU 
ing  room,  and  a  library  of  over  3000  vols.  The  Hamilton 
Literary  Association,  a  flourishing  institution,  has  an  annual 
course  of  lectures.  The  Jail,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  city,  is  a 
castellated  gothic  building  of  freestone.  The  Orphan  Asylum 
is  a  very  useful  association,  and  has  a  spacious  edifice  sur- 
rounded by  extensive  grounds,  in  the  £.  part  of  the  city. 

There  are  nearly  40  Churches  in  Brooklyn,  some  of  them 
splendid  edifices.  Three  Banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  81,000,000;  and  3  lasurance  Companies. 

The  most  interesting  objects  are,  the  U.  S.  Navy  Yard  on 
Wallabout  Bay,  contains  two  large  ship-houses  for  the  con- 
struction of  vessels,  workhouses,  officers'  houses,  &c.  The 
Naval  Lyceum,  connected  with  the  Yard,  is  a  literary  institu- 
tion, formed  in  1833,  by  officers  connected  with  the  post,  and 
possesses  a  library  and  museum.  The  Naval  Hospital,  about 
half  a  m.  E.  of  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a  fine  building,  on  elevated 
ground,  and  surrounded  with  33  acres,  well  cultivated. 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  containing  185  acres  of  beautifully 
ornamented  grounds,  in  the  S.  part  of  the  city,  is  a  delightful 
spot.  It  contains  many  beautiful  monuments,  shaded  walks, 
and  a  neat  chapel,  the  whole  surrounded  by  an  ornamental 
railing. 

The  Atlantic  Dock  Company,  with  a  capital  of  1,000,000 
dollars,  have  constructed  extensive  piers  with  large  store- 
houses, forming  a  basin  of  42  acres,  of  a  depth  sufficient  to 
accommodate  the  largest  vessels.  The  harbour  of  Brooklyn 
is  extensive,  and  capable  of  being  made  more  so,  by  an  in- 
crease of  its  wharves,  where  vessels  of  the  largest  class  load 
and  unload.  Its  commerce  and  manufactures  are  also  con- 
siderable. 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1816,  and  as  a 
city  in  1834.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  18  aldermen — 
two  from  each  of  the  9  wards,  elected  by  the  people. 


B  R  O  O  K  L  Y  N — H  A  R  L  A  E  M,  ETC. 


57 


Brooklyn  was  the  scene  of  many  stirring  events  during  the 
Revolutionary  war.  It  was  occupied  by  the  American  army 
before  the  battle  of  Flatbush,  which  occurred  Aug.  27,  1776, 
and  there  are  now  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the  American  for- 
tiiif.itions,  of  which  Fort  Greene  is  the  most  interesting- 
After  the  fatal  battle  of  Flatbush,  in  which  more  than  3000 
Americans  were  taken  or  killed,  while  the  British  loss  was 
only  about  400,  the  Americans  crossed  the  river  to  New 
York,  and  left  Long  Island  in  possession  of  the  British.  At 
the  Wallabout,  near  the  Navy  Yard,  were  moored  the  prison 
nhips,  where  the  American  p'-isoners  were  confined ;  and 
11,500,  after  sufTering  all  thui  human  mture  could  bear, 
from  scanty  and  unwholesome  provisions,  impure  water,  a 
pestilential  atmosphere,  and  a  v  mt  of  nnedical  attenrknco, 
yielded  up  their  lives  to  British  cruelty.  They  'He  slightly 
buried  on  the  bank,  and  the  sand  having  wa  -);t  a  away  and 
exposed  their  bones,  thev  were  collec'-^d  in  1808,  an  de- 
posited in  13  cofHns  inscribed  with  tht  na.  nes  of  the  onginal 
13  states,  and  placed  in  a  vault  beneath  a  suitable  building 
erected  for  the  purpose,  in  Jackson  st.  near  the  Navy  Yard. 
It  is  a  square  edifice,  surmounted  with  the  American  eagle, 
and  surrounded  by  a  neat  fence.  The  ceremonies  at  which 
15,000  persons  were  present,  were  very  imposing. 


The  Forts  on  the  islands  in  the  harbour  form  an  interest- 
ing sight  for  visiters,  who  reach  them  by  row-boats  from 
Castle  Garden  bridge. 

The  Harlaem  railroad,  incorporated  in  1831,  extends  27m. 
from  the  City  Hall  to  White  Plains,  passing  through  York- 
ville  and  Harlaem,  and  a  tunnel  excavated  in  the  solid  rock 
for  one  fourth  of  a  xnile. 

Numerous  excursions  are  made  by  steamboats  to  the  towns 
on  the  Hudson ;  to  Weehawken,  Hoboken,  Harsimus,  and 


58 


VICINITY   OF    NEW   YORK. 


I 


Ik 


Jersey  City,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  on  the  Jersey 
shore  opposite  to  New  York. 

Newark,  Elizabethtown,  Rahway,  New  Brunswick, 
Passaic  Falls,  Elizabethfort,  and  Perth  Amboy,  are  all 
towns  in  New  Jersey,  mostly  reached  by  railroads  from  Jer- 
sey City. 
^  New  Brighton,  the  Quarantine  ground,  and  Tompkins- 
ville,  are  very  beautiful  places  on  Staten  Island,  for  which 
steamboats  leave  the  lower  part  of  the  city  every  hour. 

Long  Island  has  many  pleasant  places  for  resort.  Flush- 
ing 9  m.,  containing  the  Linnean  Botanic  Garden ',  Jamaica 
12  m.,  and  Jamaica  Bay,  excellent  sport  for  wild  fowl;  Rock- 
away  Beach  22  m.,  a  celebrated  watering  place,  with  splendid 
hotels,  and  delightful  sea  bathing;  Flatbush  5  m.,  delight- 
fully situated ;  Coney  Island,  a  bathing  place  of  great  resort ; 
East  New  York  and  Union  Race  Course,  where  the  races  are 
held ;  Hempstead  24  m.,  a  delightful  place  for  residence ; 
Fort  Hamilton B.i  the  ''Narrows,"  mid Bath-House a.t Gravea- 
end  Bay,  favourite  bathing  places ;  Glen-Cove,  Oyster  Bay, 
and  Cold  Springs,  are  on  the  N.  side ;  New-Rochelle  and 
Williamsburg,  are  all  pleasant  places  for  summer  resort. 

The  above  places  on  Long  Island,  are  reached  either  by 
cars  and  stages  leaving  Brooklyn,  or  by  steamboats  from  New 
York. 

Various  places  on  the  island  of  New  York,  above  the  city, 
as  West  Farms,  Eastchester,  Mamaroneck,  Rye  and  Port- 
chester  on  the  Sound,  are  reached  by  stages  from  Williams' 
Bridge,  on  the  line  of  the  Harlaem  railroad.  m..^ 

Schooley's  Mountain,  58  m.  from  New  York,  is  reached 
by  steamboat  to  Elizabethport  12  m.,  to  Somerville  by  r.  r. 
26  m.,  thence  by  stage  20  m.  It  is  a  delightful  and  fashion- 
able summer  resort,  on  account  of  its  high  situation  com- 
manding an  extensive  prospect,  and  its  mineral  springs, 
fielmont  Hall,  at  an  elevation  of  2,000  ft.,  is  a  capital  house. 


WATERING    PLACE  S P  ASSAIC    PALLS       59 

Long  Branch,  30  m.  S.  of  New  York,  on  the  E.  shore  of 
New  Jersey,  facing  the  Atlantic  ocean;  and  Cape  May, 
further  down  the  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  are 
thronged  every  summer  by  the  votaries  of  fashion,  and 
those  fond  of  sea  bathing. 

The  Ocean  HousSj  Shr^v/sburyj  Red  Banks)  and  Tinton  FallSf 
near  Sandy  Hookj  are  favourite  place  shearer  Now  York,  and 
reached  by  steamboats  which  leave  from  near  Futton  mar« 
ket  on  the  East  river,  daily. 

The  Passaic  Falls,  reached  by  R.  R.  from  Jersey  City, 
are  17  m.  from  New  York,  near  the  manufacturing  village 
of  Paterson,  N.  J.  The  Passaic  here  descends  in  the  whole, 
60  or  70  ft.  It  descends  with  great  swiftness  over  a  steep 
slope  and  then  falls  30  or  40  ft.  into  a  narrow,  romantic 
cavern,  from  whence  it  is  diverted  at  nearly  right  angles 
from  its  previous  course  by  a  lofty  wall  of  perpendicular 
rock,  and  after  a  short  distance  empties  into  a  broad,  dark 
pool  which  is  walled  in  by  huge  perpendicular  cliffs  80  or 
90  ft.  high.  From  thence  it  makes  another  short  turn  and 
flows  in  nearly  the  same  direction  as  above  the  falls,  through 
a  fertile  and  beautiful  valley,  forming  a  striking  contrast  to 
the  picturesque  and  romantic  scenes  above.  The  amount  of 
water  taken  from  the  river  for  manufacturing  purposes  within 
a  few  years,  has  much  lessened  the  beauty  of  the  fiUls. 


>-v^«?.-;..i*-; 


8^;'^/ 


^'itflh:-:-^- 


»? 


A  .;€ 


^*'. 


f 


V.  ,.ji^i.f 


y    -       ■    « 


ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

TO   ALBANY   AND    TROY. 


I.  By  Steamboats  on  the  Hudson  r.,  which  leave  morning 
and  evening  from  foot  of  Barclay  and  foot  of  Cortlandt  st., 
and  evening  only,  from  Pier  14  N.  R.,  between  Liberty  and 
Cortlandt  sts. ;  from  Pier  18  N.  R.,  foot  of  Cortlandt  st.,  and 
from  Pier  24  N.  R.,  west,  between  Barclay  and  Robinson 
streets.     See  p.  65.       ai^  ;,•.,.■•-*•     '     -  '    • 

II.  By  Steamboat  and  R.  R.  rotUe,  via  Housatonic  R.  R., 
196  m. — 14  hours  to  Albany. 

Passengers  take  the  steamboat,  which  leaves  the  foot  of 
Market  st.  E.  R.,  to  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  60  m. 

By  R.  R.  to  Massachusetts  State  Line,  74  m. 

By    do.    to  West  Stockbridge,  24  m. 
■         By    do.    to  Albany,  38  m.  ■    ■  ' 

;         By    do.    to  Troy,  6  m.  ^  ^-      « 


■*«.«:  ir-.  . 


WINTER    ARRANGEMENTS. 


III.  During  the  close  of  navigatif  n,  passengers  take  the 
steamboat  from  Pier  14  N.  R.,  foot  of  Liberty  st.,  through 
Long  Island  Sound  to  New  Haven,  thence  by  R.  R.  to.  Hart- 
ford and  Springfield,  as  on  p.  193,  and  from  Springfield  over 
the  Western  R.  R.  to  Albany  and  Troy,  as  on  p.  246.  During 
this  season,  this  is  the  pleasantest  and  most  expeditious 
route. 

IV.  By  Stage  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  r.  via  King's, 
Bridge,  *  !  m.  Yonkers  17,  Dobb's  Ferry  22,  Tarrytown  28, 
Sing  Sing  34,  Cortlandtown  38,  Peekskill  45,  Philipsburg  54, 
Fishkill  64,  Wappinger's  creek  71,  Poughkeepsie  78,  Hyde 
Park  84,  Staatsburg  88,  Rhinebeck  94,  Red  Hook  100,  Cler- 

60 


iiim. 


ROUTES    FROM    NEW    YORK. 


61 


mont  108,  Livingston  112,  Hudson  120,  Stockport  126,  Sluy- 
vesant  Falls  130,  Kinderhook  133,  Schodack  Centre  142, 
Greenbush  149,  Albany  150,  Troy  156. 

Most  of  the  above  places  are  described  on  pp.  65  to  78. 

V.  By  Steamboat  to  Piermont  24  m.  thence  by  Erie  R.  R. 
to  Ramapo  44  m.  Monroe  works  52  m.  Turner's  Depot  57  m  j 
thence  by  stage  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson^  via  New- 
burgh  74  m.  Milton  86,  Esopus  99,  Rondout  107,  Kingston 
109,  Saugerties  121,  Maiden  124,  Catskill  133,  Athens  139, 
Coxsackie  147,  New  BaUiraore  153,  Coeymans  155,  Albany 
167.     See  pp.  65  to  78. 


TO    BOSTON. 

There  are  four  great  routes  to  this  city.  "      - 

I.  Steamboat  and  R.  Road  route  via  New  Haven  and  Spring- 
field, 238  m.  through  in  13  i  hours.     See  p.  193. 

Passengers  take  the  steannboat  starting  every  morning  from 
Peck  slip,  on  the  East  r.  to  New  Haven,  78  m.,  time  5  h. 
Then  by  R.  R.  to  Hartford  36  m.,  time  2    h. 
To  Spiingfield  by     do.      26  m.,  time  U  h. 
To  Worcester  by      do.       54  ra.,  time  2|  h. 
To  Boston  by  do.       44  m.,  time  24  h. 

II.  R.  Road  and  Steamboat  line,  via  Long  Island,  238  m., 
time  lOi  h.,  the  quickest  and  most  picturesque  route.  See 
p.  202. 

By  the  South  Ferry  to  Brooklyn,  1  m. 
*  By  the  Long  Island  R.  R.  to  Greenport,  96  m. 

By  Steamboat  to  Allyn's  Point,  32  m. 
By  R.  R.  to  Norwich,  7  m. 
By    do.   to  Worcester,  59  m. 
By    do.   to  Boston,  44  m. 

III.  By  Steamboat  and  R.  R.  via  Stonington,  and  ProvU 
dfence,  214  m.,  134  h.    See  p.  203.  -  -         '■ 


62 


ROUTES    FROM   NEW    YORK. 


By  Steamboat  from  the  foot  of  Battery  Place  to 

Stonington,  125  m.  9i  h.  -  . 

By  R.  R.  to  Providence,  47  m.  2  h. 
By    do.  to  Boston,  42  m.  2  h. 

IV.  By  Steamboat  and  R.  R.  via  Norwich,  Ct.,  238  m., 
13i  h.     See  p.  202. 

By  St  amboat  from  Pier  No.  1,  North  r.  via  New 
.  .  London  to  Ally n's  Point,  128  m.,  9  h. 

By  Iv.  P  to  Norwich,  7  m.      ^ 
By    do.  to  Worcester,  59  m.  >  4i  h. 
By    do.  to  Boston,  44  m.        ) 

V.  By  Steamboat  and  R.  R.  via  Providence. 
Passengers  take  the  steamboats,  which  are  of  the  first 

class,  furnished  with  private  state  rooms  and  life-boats,  from 
Pier  No.  1,  North  r.  foot  of  Battery  Place,  at  5  P.  M.,  Sundays 
excepted,  and  arrive  early  the  next  morning.    See  p.  204. 

TO     NEWARK,    ELIZABETHTOWN,    RAHWAY,    AND     NEW 

BRUNSWICK. 

Steamboats  leave  the  foot  of  Barclay  st.  several  times 
during  the  day  for  Jersey  City,  from  whence  the  cars  are 

taken  for  the  above  places. 

/    -  .  ,         ■  "    -.    "■'■' 

TO   PATERSON.       17  M. 

By  Steamboat  from  foot  of  Cortland  st.  to  Jersey  City, 
where  the  cars  start  for  the  above  place. 

TO   MORRISTOWN,  N.  J. 

To  Newark  as  above,  from  whence  the  cars  leave  for  Mor- 
ristown at  10  A.M. and  4  P.  M. 


TO  ELIZABETHTOWN  AND  SOMERVILLE.       38  M. 

To  Elizabethtown  as  above,  or  by  the  steamboats  which 


ROUTES    FROM    NEW    YORK. 


63 


leave  the  foot  of  Battery  Place  daily,  for  New  Brighton,  Port 
Richmond,  and  Elizabethport.  From  whence  the  cars  leave 
for  Somerville,  26  m. 

TO    HARLAEM    AND    WHITE    PLAINS. 

The  cars  leave  the  City  Hall,  at  almost  every  hour  of  the 
day,  for  White  Plains,  26  m.,  through  in  1  h.  45  m.,  Fare 
50ct3.  •  .         '  ^  ,"■•> 

For  Harlaem,  8  m.  run  every  6  minutes.    Fare  12i  cts. 
From  White  Plains  stages  run  to  Danbury,  Ct.,  41m.  via 
Bedford  16  m. 


TO  MiDDLETowN,  Orange  Co.     77  m. 

Passengers  take  the  steamboat  which  leaves  the  foot  of 
Duane  st.  daily,  Sundays  excepted,  at  8  A.  M.  and  3  P.  M. 
to  Piermont  24  m.  time  1  h.  45  m.  From  Piermont  the 
cars  on  the  N.  York  and  Erie  R.  R.  run  to  Middletown  via 
Goshen,  in  3  h.  45  m.  Total  distance,  77  m.,  Fare  $1,75, 
time  5i  hours. 

TO    DUNKIRK.       438    M. 

By  Steamboat  and  R.  R.  to  Middletown,  as  above,  thence  by 
stage  to  Bloomingburg  88  m.,  Wurtsboro'  91,  Monticello  103, 
Ploasant  Mount  146,  New  Milford  167,  Binghamton  190, 
Owego  211,  Athens,  Pa.,  232,  Chemung  237,  Elmira  250, 
Corning  266,  Bath  286,  Howard  298,  Angelica  329,  Ellicotts- 
ville  327,  Waterboro'  398,  Jamestown  4GS,  Holdenviile  427, 
Fredonia  435,  Dunkirk  438. 

TO  BARCELONA.       437  M. 

To  Jamestown  408  m.  as  above,  thence  through  Harmony 
416,  Magnolia  423,  MaysviHe  429,  Westfield  435,  Barcelona 
437. 


> 


S  ' 


•■  ^■ 


64  ROUTESPROMNEWYORir. 


TO  ROCHESTER,  via  Owego,  GeneseOy  fkc. 

To  Bath  236  m.  as  above,  Kennedysv  llle  290,  Conlsocto^^  302, 
Dansville  31^5,  Sparta  319,  Groveland  3£i,  Genesee  o  :6, 
Avon  lj44,  Rush  352,  Henrietta  357,  Rfciiester  ;6  ! 

TO  ITHACA,  Tia  Paler  SOU,  n.  j.,  Mdford,  Pa.,  and 
Hones uale.     210  m. 

By  Steamboat  tn  Jersey  Oily  1  m.,  'hence  by  U.  R.  to 
Patereon  17,  and  by  stage  to  Poinptori  23,  New  F  ndlaiid  35, 
Stockholm  39,  Hrimburg  48,  Deckerlown  53,  Liberty viile  56, 
MilArd.  Pa.  ILK  Darlingsville  82,  Tafton  92,  Honesdale  105, 
V'ayiniirt  114,  Carbondale  120,  Dundaff  128,  Lenox  136, 
BiO  )klyn  145.  Montrose  152,  Foreal  Lake  158,  Friendsville 
164,  Warrenham  172,  Owego,  N.  Y.  181,  thence  by  R.  R.  to 
Ithaca  210.  ^^.a,-.  az.w 't^ffi   ^     .\-"     '  ^--„ 

TO  GENEVA,  Via  Piermout,  Owego,  and  Ithaca. 

To  Owego  as  above,  21 1  m.,  thence  by  R.  R.  to  Candor  221, 
Wilseyville  226,  Ithaca  240,  and  by  steamboat  to  Ludlowville 
247,  Frog  Point  252,  Sheldrake  Point  262,  Aurora.  270,  Spring- 
port  276,  Cayuga  Bridge  282,  then  by  R.  R.  to  Seneca  Fallfi 
287,  Waterloo  291,  Geneva  298.  (Seep.  120.)  If  you  pre- 
fer the  stage  to  the  steamboat,  the  former  can  be  taken  at 
Ithaca  direct  to  Geneva,  290  m.  by  this  route. 


f ' 


MAP  OF  THE  HUDSON  RIVER, 

As  far  a*  Navigable With  the  distancea  trom  New  York. 


i\ 


1 


HUDSON    RI  VE  R. 


TO  ALBANY  AND  TROY.       150  M. 


During  the  season  of  navigation  on  the  Hudson,  which 
lasts  from  the  beginning  of  spring  to  the  commencement  of 
■winter,  passengers  will  find  numerous  splendid  and  commo- 
dious steamboats  plying  between  New  York  and  the  various 
places  on  the  river,  which  leave  morning  and  evening.  The 
usual  time  to  Albany  and  Troy,  including  stoppages,  is  about 
10  or  12  hours.  Although  the  accommodations  in  the  night 
boats  are  excellent,  still  we  would  advise  travellers  to  start 
in  the  morning  line,  as  they  will  then  have  an  opportunity 
of  enjoying  some  of  the  most  beautiful  river  scenery  in  the 
world,  the  Hudson  being  the  Rhine  of  the  United  States. 

As  the  boat  leaves  the  wharf  and  gets  into  the  middle  of 
the  stream,  the  passenger  will  find  ample  scope  for  observa- 
tion and  admiration.  The  view  southwardly  embraces  the 
Harbour  studded  with  Governor's,  Bediow'e,  and  Ellis'  Islands, 
with  glimpses  of  Lonp  Tbland,  Staten  Island,  iho  Narrows  and 
N.  York  bay  in  the  distance;  on  the  W.  the  jerccy  shore 
and  its  towns  and  coitages;  and  on  the  E.  the  city  with  its 
forest  of  shipping,  iXa  wharves,  and  the  numerous  spires 
towering  above  the  mass  of  buildings. 

Hoboken,  on  the  W.  side,  is  a  charming  spot,  where  the 
citizens  in  the  heat  of  summer,  spend  many  a  pleasant  af- 
ternoon. 

Weehavjken,  on  the  W.  4  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  a  beautifully 
wooded  clilT,  with  bold,  rocky  bluffs,  on  the  '•summit  of  which 
are  a  hotel  and  handsome  villa.  On  the  margin  of  the  river 
is  the  ppot  where  Alex.  Hamilton  fell  in  his  duel  with  Aaron 
Burr,  in  1804.  Here  commence  the  Pdisades,  and  extend 
about  20  m.  to  Tappan.  '^- 

Bloomingdale,  on  the  E.  5  m.  from  N.  Y.  contains  a  few 
scattered  hciases,  and  stan  i'ng  conspicuous  amongst  them 
5  f  2 


I 


:^><V 


•i"F* 


GO 


NEW    YORK    TO    ALBANY' 


the  Orphan  Asylum,  a  beautiful  building  surrounded  by  culti- 
tivated  grounds.  About  2  miles  farther,  is  the  Lunatic  asylum. 

BuWs  F>rry,  <  a  the  W.  6  m.  from  N.  Y.  connected  with 
the  city  'oy  a  lerry,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  resort. 

Manhuttanville,  on  the  £.  8  m.  from  N.  Y.  contains  about 
50o  inhabitants.  About  U  m.  £.  toward  East  r.  is  the  vil- 
lige  of  Harlaem. 

Fort  Washington,  on  the  E. .''  .n.  from  N.  Y.,  is  238  ft.  above 
the  river.  This  place  was  captured  by  the  British  and  Hes- 
sians in  1776,  after  the  capture  of  the  city,  and  the  garrison 
of  2600  men,  were  either  killed  or  confined  in  the  prison  ships 
at  Wallabout  bay,  near  Brooklyn.  To  the  E.  of  the  fort  is 
White  Plains,  where  the  sanguinary  battle  was  fought. 

Fort  LeCj  on  the  W.,  nearly  opposite,  is  300  ft.  above  the 
river;  it  was  surrendered  shortly  after  Fort  Washington.  A 
ferry  boat  plies  between  the  village  and  New  York.         >.  ;t 

The  Palisades,  whicli  commence  north  of  Weehawken, 
he;e  rise  almost  perpendicularly  from  the  wat*^"  They  con- 
sist of  a  range  of  columnar  rock,  fron#50  to  500  ft.  in  height, 
and  for  nearly  the  whole  of  the  20  m.  to  Piermont,  form  a  ma- 
jestic wall  of  solid  rock,  diversified  only  by  an  occasional  fish- 
ing cottage  at  their  base,  or  wood  slides  down  their  sides. 
The  channel  of  the  river  being  near  their  base,  they  are  seen 
to  great  advantag.^  from  the  deck. 

On  the  E.  side,  13  m.  fiom  N.  Y.,  is  Spuyten  DeviVs  Creek, 
at  the  end  of  New  York  Island,  and  connecting  with  Har- 
laem r.  on  the  E.  On  the  N.  bank  is  Fort  Independence,  in 
Westchester  county. 

The  shore  on  the  E.  slue  is  here  varied  by  hill  and  dale, 
with  beautifully  situated  country  residences  scattered  here 
and  there,  overlookin  the  river.  Back  of  the  valleys,  near 
the  shore,  the  country  "^es  m  rocky  hills  and  becomes  more 
precipitous  the  farther  you  ai  vance  through  Westchester  co. 
and  is  in  fact  the  commencement  of  the  Fishkill  mountains 


P  1  K  R  M  O  N  T — T  A  R  R  Y  T  O  W  N. 


which  connect  with  the  Taughannic  and  Greon  mountains 
in  Vermont. 

,  Phillipsburg  or  Yonkers  on  the  E.  side  16  m.  from  N.  Y.  is 
a  small  but  neat  village,  connected  with  N.  Y.  by  the  daily- 
line  of  steamboats  that  run  to  Sing-Sing,  and  Peekskill. 

Hastings,  20  m.  from  N.  V.  and  Dobb's  Ferry  22  m.  are 
small  scattered  villages.  Nearly  opposite  the  latter,  is  the 
slate  line  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  from 
which  point  both  sides  of  the  Hudson  are  in  N.  York  state. 
Opposite  Dobb's  Ferry,  the  Palisades  terminate  abruptly  in 
u  hill  549  ft.  high,  which  together  with  the  Pier  running  for 
a  mile  into  Tappan  sea,  has  given  the  name  to 

PiEUMONT,  or  Tappan' s  Landintf,  24  m.  from  N.  York.  This 
is  a  considerable  town  containing  over  1,000  inhabitants, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  the  N.  York  and  Erie  R.  R.  which  runs 
out  to  the  end  of  the  pier.  The  line  as  laid  out  extends  from 
Piermont  to  Dunkirk  on  Lake  Erie,  446  m.,  but  is  finished 
only  as  far  as  Middletown  53  m.  Two  or  three  miles  VV.  of 
the  town  is  the  old  town  of  Tappan  the  head  quarters  of 
Washington  for  a  time,  and  the  place  where  Major  Andre 
was  executed  Oct.  2nd,  1780.  His  grave  is  still  shown,  al- 
though his  remains  were  conveyed  to  England  some  years 
ago  by  order  of  the  British  government. 

At  Piermont  the  Hudson  expands  to  a  width  of  from  2  to 
5  m.  in  width,  forming  Tappan  Bay,  extending  about  10  m. 
as  far  as  Teller'' s  pt.  Here  the  scenery  or^  either  shore  is  ex- 
tremely picturesque  and  beautiful. 

Irving,  on  the  E.  side  26  m.  from  N  Y.  is  a  scattered  set- 
tlement, near  which  is  the  beautiful  country  seat  of  Wash- 
ington Irving.  ■    *r  ,,.;■   ::-:,..   -       ;     >.,,;;;'  •;.;  i .  i^ ,  ft  „v  c;^^   ' 

Tarrytown,  on  the  E.  side,  27  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  beautifully 
situated,  and  contains  about  1000  inhabitants.  It  is  famous 
as  being  the  spot  where  Andre  wa8  captured  by  three  mili- 
tia men,  on  his  return  from  his  inteiYiew  with  the  traitor  Ar- 


f 


68 


N  E  ^V    YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


I    i 


•  / 


nolil  at  West  Point.  Near  Tarrylown  is  the  Irving  Institute, 
a  venerable  Refornnecl  Dutch  Church  erected  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  "Sleepy  Hollow"  the  scene  of  Washington  Irving's 
tale  of  that  name  in  the  Sketch  fiook. 

Nyack,  on  the  W.  side,  28  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  a  thriving  place 
and  pleasantly  situated. 

Sing  Sing,  on  the  E.  side,  33  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  well  situated 
partly  in  a  ravine  and  partly  on  a  hill  rising  gradually  to  the 
height  of  200  ft.  It  was  incorporated  in  1803,  and  contains 
4  churches  and  about  2500  inhabitants.  The  most  prominent 
object  is  the  Mt.  Pleasant  State  Prison,  constructed  of  rough 
dressed  marble,  quarried  and  erected  by  the  prisoners.  It 
consists  of  a  main  building  480  ft.  long  by  44  ft.  wide,  5  sto- 
ries high,  containing  1000  cells,  and  fronting  on  the  bay.  In 
front  and  rear  are  various  workshops,  with  the  keeper's 
house,  a  chapel,  kitchen,  hospital,  storehouses,  and  a  sepa- 
rate building  for  female  convicts.  The  130  acres  belonging 
to  the  prison,  contain  vast  quarries  of  marble,  which  are 
worked  by  the  prisoners.  There  is  also  a  silver  and  a  copper 
mine.  The  Croton  aqueduct  bridge  across  Sing-Sing  creek  is 
built  in  the  best  manner. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay  is  Slaughter's  Landing,  to 
the  west  of  which  is  Rockland  Lake,  from  whence  large 
quantities  of  ice  are  annually  sent  to  New  York.  At  the  base 
of  Verdreitjes  Hook  668  ft.  high  is  the  spot  where  Andre 
landed.  •;.;3'<t:  c  -     •  ■  3-.>^ ''i::- ^^'r"  U'  ,.i«)f  v'i.v- V  ^  ■ 

Tellerh  Paint,  projects  into  the  river  more  than  a  mile, 
immediately  above  the  confluence  of  the  Croton  r.  with  the 
Hudson,  and  at  the  entrance  of  Haverstraw  bay,  another  ex- 
pansion of  the  Hudson  of  2  or  3  m.  in  width  and  6  m.  long. 

Haverstraw  or  Warren,  is  on  the  W.  side,  36  m.  from  N.  Y. 
in  the  rear  of  which  are  some  very  high  hills,  and  near  which 
is  Smitii'd  House,  where  Andre  was  concealed. 

Grassy  Point  is  a  steamboat  landing  2  m.  above. 


/A. 


CALDWELL'S    L  A  \  I)  I  N  G — V  E  E  K  S  K  I  L  L. 


60 


Stoney  Point  on  the  W.  side,  39  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  celebra* 
ted  in  the  history  of  the  Revolution.  There  is  now  a  light- 
house where  the  old  fortification  stood.  Verplanck^s  Point 
on  the  other  side,  is  an  e.\-colIent  landing,  and  in  connection 
with  Stoney  Pt.  was  the  first  important  positions  north  of  the 
city  of  N.York,  which  the  Americans  attempted  to  defend 
against  the  passage  of  the  British  down  the  river,  which  is 
here  only  half  a  mile  in  width.  During  the  winter  the  river 
is  navigable  to  these  points ;  after  passing  which  the  river 
becomes  contracted,  with  high  and  picturesque  mountains 
on  either  side  forming  prominent  objects  in  the  beautiful 
scenery. 

Gtbralter  or  CaldweWs  Landing,  on  the  W.  side,  42  m. 
from  N.  York,  and  101  m.  from  Albany,  is  the  first  place  at 
which  the  large  class  of  steamboats  stop.  Dunderberg  Mt. 
rises  almost  abruptly  from  the  river  in  the  rear  of  the  land- 
ing. The  landing  is  at  the  south  entrance  of  the  '' High- 
lands," and  is  connected  by  a  steam  ferry  with 

Peekskill,  on  the  opposite  side,  a  thriving  village,  incor- 
porated in  1837,  and  containing  about  2,000  inhabitants,  7 
churches,  and  6  public  houses.  During  the  Revolutionary- 
war,  in  1777,  it  was  the  head  quarters  of  Genl.  Putnam,  who 
here  hung  two  spies  on  an  oak  tree,  still  standing  on  Oak  Hill. 

Passengers  can  here  take  stages  to  Ridgefield,  Conn,  via 
Somers  and  North  Salem ;  to  Carmel  village,  via  Red  Mills 
and  Mahopack ;  and  in  the  hottest  part  of  summer  twice  a 
day  to  Mahopack  lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  about  a 
mile  in  diameter,  and  one  of  the  resources  of  the  Croton  r. 
The  accommodations  are  good,  and  the  fishing  excellent. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Peekskill  creek  is  Fort  Independence 
near  which  is  a  public  house  delightfully  situated,  and 
having  good  accommodations  for  a  summer  retreat. 

The  river  now  takes  a  sudden  turn  to  the  west  for  about 
a  mile,  denominated  '  the  Horse  Race,^  and  winds  round  the 


r 


»■ 


70 


NEW    YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


base  of  Anthony's  Nose  1128  ft.  in  height,  one  of  the  peaks 
of  the  Highlands,  which  are  the  grandest  and  next  to  the 
Palisade.s,  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  Hudson  scene- 
ry. They  are  about  16  m.  in  width  and  extend  on  both  sides 
the  Hudson,  for  about  20  m.  The  river  now  enters  classic 
ground,  as  many  of  the  points  are  celebrated  in  American 
history. 

The  sites  of  Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery  are  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  r.  from  whence  chevaux-de-frise.boom  and  chains, 
were  stretched  across  to  the  base  of  Anthony's  Nose,  in 
1777.  The  forts  were  garrisoned  by  600  men,  and  on  the 
6th  of  Oct.  1777,  were  attacked  by  the  British  3,000  strong, 
under  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  captured  during  the  night, 
there  not  being  a  sufficient  number  to  man  the  lines. 

Sugar  Loaf,  is  a  lofty  summit  on  the  E.  side,  at  the  base 
of  which  is  the  house  where  the  traitor  Arnold  lived.  About 
half  a  mile  beyond,  on  the  W.  side,  are  the  Buttermilk 
Falls,  49  m.  from  N.  Y.  About  a  mile  farther,  Kosciusko's 
garden  and  monument  are  distinctly  seen. 

West  Point,  52  m.  from  N.  Y.,  is  romantically  situated 
on  the  W.  side.  It  was  one  of  the  most  impregnable  posts 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  derives  its  present  im- 
portance from  the  U.  S.  military  academy  located  here.  It 
was  this  post  that  Arnold  had  agreed  to  place  in  the  enemy's 
hands,  having  at  the  time  the  command  of  it ;  but  his  trea- 
son was  discovered  by  the  capture  of  Andre  at  Tarrytown, 
and  he  himself  escaped  from  Robinson's  House,  on  the  E. 
side  where  he  had  his  head  quarters.  In  1794,  a  Military 
School  was  commenced,  at  the  recommendation  of  Gen). 
Washington,  in  a  building  which  was  burnt  two  years  after, 
and  the  school  suspended  until  1802,  when  it  was  re-esta- 
blished by  Congress.  There  is  now,  a  stone  building  in 
Gothic  style,  150  ft.  long  by  60  ft.  wide,  with  three  towers; 
it  contains  the  library  room,  which  is  ornamented  by  paint- 


II 


-_- j .  ^^->  At'.t:..itd^ ,. 


WEST    POINT. 


%m 


Is  trea- 

rtown, 

Ithe  E. 

filitary 

Genl. 

after, 
j-esta- 
[ing  in 
pwers ; 

paint- 


m 


ings  and  designs,  and  has  nearly  15,000  vols. ;  the  philoso- 
phical room  with  a  fine  apparatus ;  and  the  astronomical 
part,  which  has  very  complete  instruments  and  an  observa- 
tory covered  by  a  dome  in  the  central  tower  weighing  4 
tons.  The  chapel  is  50  ft.  in  front  by  70  ft.  deep.  The 
academy  is  a  fine  stone  building  275  ft.  long  by  75  ft.  wide, 
3  stories  high,  and  contains  a  riding  hall,  recitation  rooms, 
various  offices,  an  engineering  room  furnished  with  beautiful 
models  of  fortification  and  civil  engineering,  as  well  as  of 
architecture,  &c.,  two  spacious  galleries  for  painting  and 
sculpture,  and  a  chemical  laboratory.  The  Hospital  is  a 
stone  edifice  near  the  bank  of  the  river,  commanding  a  fine 
prospect  and  admirably  fitted  up.  In  the  military  laboratory 
are  workshops  and  various  kinds  of  ordnance,  some  of  revo- 
lutionary memory,  amongst  which  are  the  remains  of  the 
immense  chain  which  was  stretched  across  the  river  in  1777. 
There  are  also  two  large  stone  barracks  occupied  by  250 
cadets,  the  number  authorized  by  law;  a  mess-hall,  two 
cavalry  stables,  several  workshops  and  store-rooms,  17 
dwellings,  occupied  by  the  officers  of  the  institution,  a 
magazine,  a  laboratory,  soldiers'  barracks,  a  store,  and  about 
25  dwellings  occupied  by  families  connected  with  the  mili- 
tary sciiool,  and  about  900  inhabitants. 

There  is  a  fine  Hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  visiters, 
and  the  traveller  will  be  well  repaid  for  spending  a  day  here, 
especially  in  the  summer  season.  On  landing,  every  one 
who  arrives  is  requested  by  a  soldier  to  enter  his  name,  and 
on  leaving  the  same  is  done ;  thus  the  commander  knows  of 
all  arrivals  and  departures.  The  surrounding  places  of  note 
are  extremely  interesting.  The  cadets  have  erected  a  monu- 
ment to  Kosciusko,  the  Polish  general,  at  an  expense  of 
$5,000 ;  Kosciusko's  garden  is  a  wild  and  romantic  spot ;  in 
the  back  ground  and  elevated  on  a  hiass  of  rocks  596  ft.  in 
height,  is  the  site  of  Fort  Putnam,  from  whence  a  beautiful 


t---  '■'^: 


?, 


>i 


72 


NEW    YORK   TO    ALBANY. 


view  of  the  country  can  be  had  j  Fort  Clinton  is  situated  at 
the  extreme  eastern  point  of  this  military  position,  160  ft. 
above  tide  water;  there  are  also  numerous  other  fortified 
points  built  under  the  direction  of  Kosciusko,  as  engineer. 

There  are  now  connected  with  West  Point  academy  34 
officers  and  professors,  a  company  of  artillery  and  a  detach- 
ment of  dragoons,  besides  the  cadets,  who  generally  remain 
for  four  years,  in  which  time  they  are  qualified  to  become 
subaltern  officers  of  the  army. 

West  Point  Iron  foundry  is  on  the  E.  side  a  mile  north,  op- 
posite to  which  is  Crowds  Nest  1418  ft.  in  height,  and  Butler 
Hill  1529  ft.  in  height. 

Cold  Spring,  on  the  E.  side,  54  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  a  thriving 
manufacturing  village.  Immediately  above  are  Bull  Hill 
1486  ft.  in  height.  Breakneck  Hill  1187  ft.  and  which  has 
the  curious  rocky  projection  called  'Anthony's  face,'  and 
Beacon  Hill  or  Grand  Sachem  1685  ft.  being  the  loftiest  peak 
of  the  Highlands.  At  the  base  of  these  clifTs  are  extensive 
quarries,  and  near  the  shore  is  Polopel's  Island,  a  large  mass 
of  rock.  Here  the  river  expands  to  the  width  of  a  mile  for 
5  or  6  m .  which  is  called  Newburgh  Bay,  and  for  the  whole 
length  presents  a  delightful  prospect. 

New  Cornwall  57  m.  and  New  Windsor  59  m.  from  N.  Y. 
are  small  villages  on  the  W.  side,  the  latter  being  the  birth- 
place of  the  distinguished  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Newburgh,  on  the  W.  side,  61m.  from  N.  Y.  is  well  situ- 
ated, and  is  seen  to  great  advantage  from  the  water,  as  the 
ground  rises  rapidly  from  the  river  to  the  height  of  300  ft. 
The  town  was  incorporated  in  1800  and  now  contains  nearly 
a  thousand  dwellirgs  and  a  population  of  8933 ;  also  a  court- 
house, a  jail,  10  churches,  an  Associate  Reformed  Theologi- 
cal seminary,  3  banks,  numerous  stores  and  manufactories, 
2  public  libraries,  14  taverns,  and  several  good  seminaries. 
From  its  situation  it  commands  an  extensive  intercourse  with 


ated  at 
160  ft. 
ortificd 
aeer. 
3my  34 
ietach- 
remain 
become 

)rth,  op- 
l  Butler 

thriving 
ull  Hill 
dch  has 
ce,'  and 
est  peak 
xtensive 
ge  mass 
mile  for 
le  whole 

tn  N.Y. 
le  birth- 
ell  situ- 
as  the 
jf  300  ft. 
IS  nearly 
a  court- 
'heologi- 
actories, 
ntiinaries. 
arse  with 


N  E  W  B  U  R  G — P  OUGHKEEPSIE.  f§ 

the  fertile  country  to  the  west,  and  is  also  connected  with 
New  York  by  four  steamboats  and  several  sloops  and  freight 
barges;  a  steam  ferry  connects  it  with  Fishkili  on  the  oppo- 
site side,  and  large  quantities  of  lumber,  live  stock,  coal, 
manufactures,  &c.  are  transported  to  different  ports.  The 
Hudson  and  Delaware  R.  R.  to  connect  the  two  rivers  and 
join  the  N.  Y.  and  Erie  R.  R.  has  been  graded.  The  old 
stone  house  in  which  Gen.  Washington  had  his  head-quarters 
is  still  standing,  and  here  the  araiy  was  disbanded  June  23rd 
1783.  The  famous  "Newburg  Letters"  attempting  to  excite 
mutiny  in  the  army  were  dated  at  this  place.  '  - 

A  line  of  stages  runs  to  Binghamton  122  m.  where  it  con- 
nects with  lines  running  north  and  south,  and  with  a  continu- 
ous line  west  to  Barcelona  on  Lake  Erie  357  m.  passing 
through  Owego,  Elmira,  Bath,  Angelica,  Ellicotville,  and 
Mayville. 

Fishkili  Landing,  64  m.  New  Hamburg  67  m.  Barnegat 
70  m.  from  N.  Y.  on  the  E.  side ;  and  Hampton  68  m.  Marl- 
horougk  70  m.  and  Milton  Landing  72  rn.  from  N.  Y.  on  the 
W.  side,  are  small  but  thriving  villages  situated  in  a  beauti- 
ful and  fertile  country  containing  also  some  handsome  coun- 
try residences.  »?;  . 

PouGHKEEPsiE,  ou  the  E.  side  74  m.  from  N.Y.  and  71  m. 
from  Albany  may  be  considered  nearly  equi-distant  between 
the  two  cities.  The  village  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and 
most  flourishing  in  the  siate.  The  main  part  is  but  little 
seen  from  the  river  being  on  a  plain  elevated  200  ft.  It  is 
handsomely  laid  out  and  well  paved,  and  supplied  with  wa- 
ter from  the  vicinity  brought  into  a  reservoir  and  distributed 
through  the  streets.  It  contains  about  1300  houses,  hand- 
somely and  compacTy  built,  10,000  inhabitants,  a  courthouse, 
a  jail,  3  banks,  a  lyceum,  14  churches,  several  hotels,  nu- 
me»ous  schools,  and  a  number  of  mechanical  and  manufao- 
turin    establishments.    Two  companies  are  engaged  in  the 

G 


■.ijiJ>.ii>'iifii.il»iMiii)i»«»ii ' 


74 


NEW   YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


I 


I 


!  m 


whale  trade,  and  one  in  the  silk  business ;  there  is  also  an 
extensive  pin  manufactory,  and  two  large  breweries.  It  ia 
connected  with  New  York,  and  various  places  on  the  river 
by  several  steamboats,  sloops,  and  freight  barges.  In  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  town  on  College  Hill  is  the  Poughkeepsie 
Collegiate  School,  a  splendid  ediiice  115  ft.  long,  built  after 
the  model  of  the  Parthenon,  and  forming  a  prominent  object 
in  the  scenery  on  approaching  from  the  river. 
•  After  leaving  Poughkeepsie  the  river  bends  to  the  W. 
called  Crum  Elbow,  and  then  passes  through  a  delightful 
country  studded  with  beautiful  country  seats  and  the  villages 
of  Hyde  Park  Landing  80  m.  and  Staatsburg  Landing  85  m. 
from  N.  York,  on  the  W.  side ;  and  Nevj  Paltz  Landing  and 
Pellham  84  m.  from  N.  Y.  on  the  E.  side.  The  most  striking 
country  seats  on  the  E.  side  are  those  of  the  late  Dr.  Hosack, 
now  Mr.'Langdon's,  Gen.  M.Lewis,  and  Wm,  Emmet;  on 
the  W.  side,  those  of  Dr.  Gedney,  Mr.  Russell,  and  R.  L.  Pell. 

Rondout,  on  the  W.  side,  90  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  situF.ted  at 
the  mouth  of  Rondout  creek.  It  is  quite  a  business  place 
and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants.  The  Delaware  and 
Hudson  canal  108  m.  in  length,  extends  in  connection  with  a 
railroad  of  16  m.  to  the  Pennsylvania  coal  mines,  from  Eddy- 
ville,  2  m.  above  Rondout.  Kingston  Light  house  on  the 
river  was  built  by  the  U.  S.  government. 

Kingston  Landing,  on  the  W.  side  91m.  from  N.  Y.  takes 
its  name  from  the  village  of  Kingston,  situated  3  m.  W.  of 
the  landing,  to  which  stages  are  constantly  running.  Stages 
leave  Kingston  3  times  a  week  for  Delhi,  and  for  Ellenville. 

Rhinebeck  Landing,  on  the  E.  side,  90  m.  from  N.  Y.  was 
early  settled  by  families  from  the  Rhine.  It  is  surrounded 
with  beautiful  country  seats, 

Thfi  Catskill  Mountains,  12  or  15  miles  W.  of  the  river  now 
become  conspicuous.  In  clear  weather  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tain House,  3000  ft.  above  the  Hudson,  is  distinctly  visible. 


TARRY  TOWN — CAT  SKILL. 


The  noble  and  varied  prospect  and  the  clear  cool  air  to  be 
enjoyed  at  this  house  renders  it  a  delightful  summer  retreat. 
■  Tarrytown,  or  Lower  Red  Hooh^  97  ra.  and  Tivoli  or  Up- 
per Red  Hook  Landing,  100  m.  from  N.  Y.  on  the  W.  side 
are  delightfully  situated  amidst  numerous  country  resi- 
dences. 

Glasgow  on  the  W.  side  is  a  small  villagCj  2  m.  N.  of 
which  is 

Saugcrties  or  Ulster,  on  the  W.  side,  101  m.  from  N.  Y.,  a 
large  village  containing  about  2,000  inhabitants,  and  situated 
on  the  Esopus  near  its  entrance  into  the  Hudson.  It  contains 
a  number  of  manufactories  driven  by  the  vast  water-power 
derived  from  a  waterfall  in  the  Esopus.  Jhe  village  is  con- 
nected by  stages  with 

Bristol  or  Maiden,  2  m.  above  Saugerties,  and  where  steam- 
boats land  their  passengers. 

Germanioton,  105  m.  and  East  Camp  107  m.  on  the  E.  side 
and  West  Camp  opposite,  are  small  toAvns,  settled  by  the 
Dutch. 

Catskill,  on  the  W.  side,  111m.  from  N.  Y.  situated  on 
both  sides  of  Catskiil  creek,  is  a  pleasant  village,  containing 
53.39  inhabitants,  a  courthouse,  jail,  2  banking  hoases,  5 
churchep,  numerous  mechanical  and  manufacturing  esta- 
blishments, and  several  public  houses.  It  is  connected  with 
N.  York  and  other  places  by  steamboats  and  barges.  The 
Catskill  and  Canajoharie  R.  R.  is  finished  as  far  as  Livingston- 
ville.  A  steam  ferry  connects  the  village  with  Oak  Hillj 
nearly  opposite. 

About  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Catskill  is  Pine  Orchard,  a  fashion- 
able summer  resort.  The  Mountain  House,  a  spacious  hotel 
140  ft.  long  and  24  ft.  wide,  4  stories  high,  is  on  the  eastern 
verge  of  a  table  rock  of  about  6  acres  in  extent,  and  within 
a  few  feet  of  the  verge  of  a  precipice  of  perpendicular  rock 
100  feet  deep.    It  is  elevated  2212  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 


^l 


m 


76 


NEW    YORK   TO    ALBANY. 


I    * 


Hudson,  which  gives  to  the  atmosphere  a  most  delightful 
coolness.  On  the  S.  is  a  gradually  rising  elevation,  and  on 
the  W.  peaks  3800  ft.  in  height ;  from  the  piazza  of  the  house, 
to  the  eastward,  is  presented  one  of  the  noblest  and  most 
picturesque  views  in  the  country,  embracing  the  Hudson  for 
60  ra.  dotted  with  vessels,  and  numerous  farms,  and  villages 
between  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont  on  the  north,  and 
the  Highlands  in  the  south.  Stages  leave  the  landing  daily, 
and  after  an  uninteresting  ride  of  9  m.  arrive  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain  and  commence  the  ra^ifged  ascent  over  a  good 
but  circuitous  road  of  3  m.;  frequently  after  ascending  the 
mountain  you  behold  the  valley  drenched  with  rain,  while 
the  sky  is  clear  above  you.  Two  miles  W  of  Pine  orchard 
are  the  Kaaterskill  Falls  formed  by  the  outlets  of  two  ponds 
united  and  falling  over  a  perpendicular  rock  180  ft.  and  an- 
other of  80  ft.  in  height,  and  emptying  through  a  deep  chasm 
into  the  plain  below. 

Lines  of  stages  leave  Catskill  daily  for  Delhi;  two  tri- 
weekly for  Ithaca,  and  Spraker^s  Basin,  the  latter  uniting  with 
the  Erie  Canal  and  western  railroads ;  one  semi- weekly  to 
Prattsville,  via  Hunter  and  Lexington  ;  and  one  twice  daily 
via  Athens  to 

Hudson,  on  the  E.  side,  116  m.  from  N.  Y.  and  29  m.  from 
Albany.  The  city  is  situated  on  a  plain,  60  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  river,  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  is  a  place  of  much 
trade  and  importance,  containing  a  population  of  5672.  From 
the  promenade  on  the  river,  the  principal  street,  extends 
S.  E.  more  than  a  mile,  with  a  gentle  ascent  to  Prospect 
Hill,  near  200  ft.,  with  a  s»riOOthly  rounded  surface,  and  com- 
manding an  excellent  view  of  the  city,  the  river,  the  village 
of  Athens  opposite,  and  the  Catskill  mountains  in  the  dis- 
tance. The  courthouse;  a  splendid  building  of  marble  and 
blue  limestone,  stands  on  a  square  in  the  S.  part  of  the  city, 
is  116  ft.  long,  and  consists  of  a  main  building  surmounted 


H  U  D  S  O  N C  O  E  V  M  A  N  S. 


ft 


5 
3f 


with  a  ilome  40  ft,  high,  and  two  wings,  entered  through  an 
Ionic  portico.  The  '.lity  was  chartered  in  1785,  and  now 
contains  8  churches,  several  academies,  a  Franklin  Library 
Association,  a  lunatic  asylum,  2  banks,  2  public  markets, 
and  5  hotels.  The  city  is  supplied  with  pure  water  con- 
ducted through  pipes  from  a  spring  2  m.  distant.  There  are 
7  or  8  whaleships  owned  here,  4  steamboats,  and  other  vessels. 
The  Hudson  and  Berkshire  R.  R.  extends  34  ra.  to  West  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.j  connecting  with  the  railroad  to  Albany  on  the 
N.  and  Boston  on  the  E.,  and  during  the  close  of  navigation 
with  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  on  the  S. 

A  steam  ferry  boat  crosses  the  river  to  Athens,  between 
which  and  Lunenburg  is  the  small  rocky  island  upon  which 
the  steamboat  Swallow  was  wrecked  on  the  night  of  April 
7th,  1845,  on  her  passage  down  the  river.  -  -  »    -  jK;  ': 

Four-mile-Point,  on  the  W.  side,  120  m.  from  N.  Y.  is  a 
prominent  hill  on  which  stands  a  light-house,  and  is  at  the 
head  of  ship  navigation  on  the  Hudson.  On  the  opposite 
side  Kinderhook  creek  enters  the  Hudson,  on  the  north  bank 
of  which  is  the  celebrated  Manual  Labour  School. 

Coxaclde,  on  tiie  W.  side,  124  m.  from  N.  Y.,  is  a  conve- 
nient steamboat  landing,  containing  4  public  houses,  a  ship- 
yard and  dry  dock,  3  churches,  of  which  the  Dutch  Reformed 
and  Baptist  form  prominent  objects,  and  numerous  brick 
yards.  '    '  • 

Stuyvesant,  on  the  E.  side,  128  m.  and  Kinderhook  Landing 
129  m.  are  .small  business  places;  about  3  m.  to  the  E.  of 
the  latter,  is  the  birthplace  and  residence  of  Ex.  President 
Van  Buren. 

New  Baltimore,  and  Coeymans,  on  the  \V.  side,  are  small 
villages  rising  from  the  river  and  seen  to  advantage.  Be- 
tween them  lies  Barren  Island,  which  was  fortified  by  the 
Patroon  of  Rensiselaerwyck,  in  1644.        ^  '^  =  -■  '^  ^»-r  ^  '  \ 

Coeymans  being  the  last  stopping  place  on  the  route,  we 

g2 


78 


NEW    YORK    TO    ALBANV. 


pasB  by  ihe  villages  of  Schodack  133  m,  Castleton  136  m.  on 
ihe  E.  side,  and  Van  Wees  Point  138  m.  on  the  W.,  situated 
in  a  delightful  country,  studded  with  handsome  country 
seats:  and  also  pass  numerous  islands  and  the  overslaugh 
bar.  As  we  approach  Albany  we  notice  Greenbush  on  the 
opposite  side,  with  the  Engine  house,  Freight  house,  and 
Hotel  of  the  Boston  R.  R.  standing  prominently  forth ;  and 
directly  opposite  the  city  itself  rising  upon  the  hill  with 
its  numerous  domes,  and  spires,  conspicuous  amongst 
which  are  those  of  the  Capitol,  Exchange,  City  Hall,  State 
Hall,  &c.  .  #v  , 


r-„ 


ALBANY. 


.1^ 


Albany  city,  the  capital  of  New  York,  is  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  Hudson  r.  145  m.  N.  of  N.  York,  by  the  river.  Pop. 
in  1810,  9,356,  1840,  33,721.  The  city  rises  almost  abruptly 
from  the  river,  in  the  space  of  a  mile  to  220  ft.  Its  streets 
are  many  of  them  narrow,  ahhough  tho.se  laid  out  within  a 
few  years  are  more  regular,  and  spacious ;  the  principal  ones 
are  Market,  Pearl  and  State  sts. ;  the  tvio  former  run  parallel 
whh  the  river,  and  the  latter  is  from  150  to  170  ft.  wide, 
extending  from  the  Cn pitol  to  the  Hudson,  nearly  E.  and  W. 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  : 

The  Capitol,  at  the  head  of  State  st.  occupied  by  the  Legis- 
lature and  State  Courts,  is  1 15  ft.  long,  90  wide,  and  cost 
$120,000.  It  fronts  on  a  handsome  square  formed  by  the 
Capitol  and  Academy  parks,  which  are  enclosed  with  iron 
railings  and  beautifully  laid  out.  The  City  Hall,  a  splendid 
marble  edi-fice,  with  a  gilded  dome ;  and  the  State  Hall,  also 
of  white  miirble,  containing  the  public  offices,  are  both  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  square.  On  the  N.  side  is  the  Albany 
Academy,  a  fine  edifice  of  freestone.  The  Merchant's  Ex- 
change, built  of  granite,  at  the  foot  of  St&te  st.  contains  the 


•Uk, 


'"W"^ 


ALBANY,   N.    V. 


79 


P.  office,  stores,  &c.  Jn  Eagle  st.  S.  of  luc  square  is  the 
Countv  'l.'1  and  Medical  College,  the  latter  posseesing  a  very 
valuable  museum.  There  are  also  the  Poor  House,  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  the  cityj  the  Albany  Orphan  Asylum,  the  St. 
John's  Orphan  Asylum,  and  other  benevolent,  and  religious 
institutions.  Albany  r.lso  contains  11  public  squares,  3  mar- 
kets, 10  public  school  L/ialdings,  and  a  State  arjenal.  There 
are  8  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $2,751,000,  and 
four  insurance  ccrrjpanies,  with  a  total  capital  of  $700,000. 

The  city  contains  30  churches,  of  which  the  Baptist  church, 
near  the  academy,  is  d  very  elegant  building. 

There  are  two  ferries  crossing  the  Hu  ison ;  numerous 
steam  and  tow-boats  ply  between  the  city  md  N.  York,  be- 
sides many  sloops  plying  on  the  river.  By  the  Erie  Canal 
and  a  continuous  line  of  railroads,  Albany  is  connected  with 
Buffalo,  and  the  trade  of  the  V/est ;  by  the  Champlain  Canal 
with  the  North ;  ana  by  a  chain  of  railroads  with  the  East. 
A  railroad  also  extend-  to  Saratoga.  There  are  also  18  lines 
of  stages  to  different  places.  A  spacious,  basin  is  constructed 
on  the  margin  of  the  river,  for  the  reception  of  c'anal  boats 
and  the  protection  of  sloops  from  the  ice.  The  pier  is  1|  m. 
long,  by  80  ft.,  wide,  and  spacious  stores  have  been  erected 
upon  it.  .      '     .• 


tr 


tr  ..  ►«  ROUTES  FROM  ALBANY.  »  w.m  ■ 

TO  BALLSTON  SPA  AND   SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  37  M. 


I.  By  the  Mohawk  and  Hadaon  R.  R.  to  Schenectady  16  m. 
>      "     ''  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  R.  R.    to  Ballstou 
Spa,  14  m. 
"      "  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  R.  R.  to  Saratoga 
Springs,  7  m.    See  p.  83.  ^  .  .  ,    _^ 

JI.  To  Troy,  6  m.  from  thence  on  the  Schenectady  and 
Troy  R.  R.  to  Schenectady  20  m.  then  as  in  No.  1. — 21  m. 

III.  To  Troy  6  m.  from  thence  on  the  Rensselaer  and 
Saratoga  R.  R.  via  JSIechanicsville  to  Ballston  Spa,  30  ni. 
then  by  R.  R.  to  Saratoga,  7  m. 

Of  the  above  routes  neither  has  the  advantage  of  the  other, 
thf*  liine  and  expense  being  nearly  the  same.  Travellers 
gOMig  by  the  route  through  Schenectady,  can  vary  the  scenery 
by  returning  on  the  Rensselaer  R.  R.  being  part  of  the  way 
in  sight  of  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  Hudson ;  and  vice 
versa.         .         ,^^  .  .  . 

TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 

• 

I.  By  Railroad  to  Saratoga  Springs,  thence  by  stage  to 
Glen's  Falls  or  v'a  Sandy  Hill  to  Whitehall.    See  p.  83. 

Passengers  by  diverging  to  Glen's  Falls,  thence  to  Cald- 
well, where  the  steamboat  is  taken  to  the  foot  of  Lake 
George,  thence  by  stage  to  Ticonderoga,  will  enjoy  by  far 
the  most  romantic  and  interesting  route.  During  the  winter 
the  stage  route  continues  from  Glenn's  Falls  via  Plattsburg 
and  Rouse's  point  to  La  Prairie. 

n.  From  Albany  by  canal  packet  boat  to  Whitehall ;  or 
from  Troy  by  R.  R.  to  Mechanicsville,  thence  by  boat  to 
Whitehall.    See  p.  95. 
80 


■  -.I 


ROUTES    FROM    ALBANY. 


m 


This  route  is  the  most  expeditious  and  pleasant  as  regards 
comfort,  and  passes  through  interesting  and  beautiful  scenery. 

HI.  By  Statje  via  Troy,  the  road  being  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Hudson,  to  VVhitehi.'.!. 

From  Whitehall  ^  v  "^^u  amboat  to  St.  John's  157  m.,  from 
thence  by  R.  R.  t(  irie  15  m.,  thence  by  steamboat 

to  Montreal  9  m. 

IV.  By  R.  R.  ail  at,  via  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls, 

Lake  OntariOj  the  St.  i-.awit.ice,  &c.     See  p.  105.  ^rr 

.» 

,^    TO  BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS.     See  p.   105. 

By  R.  R.  from  Albany  or  Troy  to  Schenectady ;  thence  by 
the  great  line  of  railroad  connecting  the  Hudson  with  Lake 
Erie,  via  Utica,  Syracuse,  Canandaigua,  Rochester,  and  Ba- 
tavia  to  Buffalo  325  m.  From  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls,  by 
R.  R.  22  m. 

TO  BUFFALO,  by  Canal,  363  m. 

The  great  New  York  and  Erie  Canal,  from  Albany  to 
Buffalo  affords  a  cheap  and  comfortable  means  of  con- 
veyance. 

TO    BOSTON. 

By  R.  R.  via  Greenbush,  Pittsfield,  Springfield  and  Wor- 
cester. For  a  description  of  this  route,  reverse  that  on 
p.  246  to  248. 

•  TO    BENNINGTON,    VT.  ' 

By  Stage  to  Troy  6  m.,  Lansingburg  10,  Raymertown  19, 
Pittstown  23,  Hoosick  30,  Bennington  38. 

TO  WHITEHALL. 

By  Stage  to  Watervliet  5  m..  Troy  6,  Lansingburg  10, 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

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m 


ROUTES    FROM    ALBANY. 


Waterford  12,  Mechanicaville  21,  Stillwater  24,  Bemus' 
Heights  28,  Schuylersville  37,  Northumberland  41,  Port 
Miller  44,  Fort  Edward  52,  Sandy  Hill  66,  Kingsbury  61,  Fort 
Ann  65,  Comstock's  landing  79,  Whitehall  77.     See  p.  94. 

''"     TO    SYRACUSE,    125  M. 

Via  Sharon  Springs,  Cherry  Valley ,  and  Morrisville, 

By  Stage  to  Guilderland  9  m.,  Dunnsville  15,  Dranesburg 
19,  Esperance  25,  Sloansville  29,  Carlisle  35,  Sharon  39, 
Sharon  Springs  42,  (See  p.  107.)  Leesville  45,  Cherry  Valley 
61,  Springfield  57,  Warren  60,  Richfield  Springs  64,  Winfield 
68,  Bridgewater  73,  Madison  89,  Morrisville  96,  Nelson  103, 
Oran  113,  Fayetteville  117,  De  Witt  120,  Syracuse  125.    . 

TO  BiNGHAMTON,  by  Stage,  via  Schoharie,  i33  m.  . 

TO  LAKE  GEORGE.       62  M. 

By  R.  R.  to  Saratoga  Springs ;  thence  by  stage  via  Glenn's 
Falls. 

TO   HANCOCK,    MASS.       31  M. 

By  R.R.  to  Troy,  6  m. ;  thence  by  stage  25  m.      "  ~i 

TO  BURLINGTON,  VT.       151  M. 

By  R.  R.  to  Troy;  thence  by  stage  via  Lansingburg,  Jack- 
son, Castleton,  and  Middlebury. 


SCHENECTADY BALLSTON    SPA. 


83 


^  TO   THE   SPRINGS. 


Travellers  by  the  way  of  Albany  take  the  Mohawk  and 
Hudson  R.  R.  in  a  direct  line  to  Schenectady,  passing  through 
a  barren  district,  though  elevated  and  commanding  an  agree- 
able view.  By  the  way  of  Troy  the  railroad  passes  near  the 
Mohawk  r.  through  a  varied  scenery,  20  m.  to 

Schenectady,  an  ancient  town  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Mohawk  at  the  commencement  of  the  valley  of  that 
name.  The  city  is  laid  out  with  regularity,  and  presents 
many  of  the  marks  of  its  Dutch  founders.  It  was  settled 
in  1620,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in  1798 ;  in  1690,  it  was 
attacked  during  the  night  by  Indians,  and  many  of  the  in- 
habitants massacred.  It  now  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  a 
market,  a  lyceum,  2 banks,  an  insurance  company,  9  churches, 
various  manufactories,  and  6784  inhabitants.  The  hotels 
are  well  kept.  Union  College,  is  built  on  an  eminence,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  city,  is  surrounded  by  250  acres  hand- 
somely laid  out,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and 
the  Mohawk  valley.  It  was  founded  in  1795,  !:nd  has  a 
president  and  10  professors,  a  library  of  13,000  vols.,  and  an 
excellent  philosophical  and  other  apparatus.  The  b  jildings 
consist  of  two  four  story  buildings  200  ft.  long,  2  chapels, 
4  halls,  dormitories,  &c. 

The  Saratoga  R.  R.  crosses  the  Mohawk  r.  and  Erie  Canalj 
by  a  substantial  bridge  between  8  and  900  ft.  long,  and  ex- 
tends in  a  northerly  direction  passing  along  the  banks  of  the 
Ballston  Lake  and  enters  the  eastem  part  of 

Ballston  Spa,  an  old  and  celebrated  watering  place,  31 
m.  from  Albany,  containing  about  1500  inhabitants,  a  court- 
house, 4  churches,  a  bank,  and  6  hotels  of  which  the  Sans 
Souci  is  an  old  established  house  delightfully  situated.  Its 
mineral  waters,  formerly  very  celebrated,  have  lost  some  of 


# 


saam 


84 


ALBANY    TO    SARATOGA. 


their  properties  and  are  greatly  inferior  to  those  of  Saratoga. 
The  oldest  and  most  esteemed  fountain,  is  "  the  public 
well,"  in  the  W.  part  of  the  village,  issuing  from  a  bed  of 
blue  clay  and  gravel ;  the  other  springs  possess  the  same 
medicinal  properties. 

Saratoga  Springs,  7  m.  farther,  and  38  m.  from  Albany, 
are  the  most  celebrated  in  the  U.  States,  and  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  in  the  world.  The  village  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  a  plain,  partly  surrounded  by  a  grove  of  pine 
trees.  The  principal  part  is  built  on  Broadway,  the  main 
street,  140  ft.  wide.  It  was  incorporated  in  1816,  and  con< 
tains  about  2500  inhabitants,  6  churches,  2  public  libraries 
and  reading  rooms,  and  various  mechanical  workshops. 
There  are  about  75  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  many  of 
them  fitted  up  in  a  magnificent  style.  The  price  of  board 
per  week  is  from  $10  to  $12,  and  from  $1.50  to  $2  per  day 
at  the  best  houses ;  at  private  boarding  houses  in  the  village 
the  price  varies  from  $4  to  $12.  The  United  States  Hotel,  is 
centrally  located  near  the  r.  r.  depot  and  all  the  princioal 
springs,  and  has  accommodations  for  400  guests.  Ccy^,  i 
Hdly  and  Union  Hall,  situated  near  the  Congress  spring  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  village  are  popular  and  excellent  establish- 
ments. The  American  Hotel,  Columbian  Hotel,  Montgomery 
Hall,  and  Adelphi  Hotel,  are  well  fumishee^  and  afford  ex- 
cellent accommodations  both  in  summer  and  winter.  There 
are  several  extensive  bathing  houses  near  the  springs,  where 
cold,  warm,  and  shower  baths  can  be  obtained. 

The  Mineral  Springs  which  .form  the  chief  cause  of  attrac- 
tion, are  situated  on  the  margin  of  a  vale,  bordering  the  vil- 
lage on  the  E.  The  springs  differ  slightly  in  their  properties. 
There  are  now  within  half  a  mile  10  or  12  fountains  flowing 
to  the  surface,  of  which  the  most  important  are.  Congress 
spring,  Washington  spring,  Putnam's  spring.  Pavilion  springs, 
Todme  spring,  Hamilton  spring,  and  the  Flat  Rock  and  High 


SARATOGA    SPRINGS. 


85 


Rock  springs,  and  about  a  mile  E.  of  the  village  a  cluster  of 
springs  named  the  "  Ten  Springs"  of  which  the  Union  spring 
near  the  Mansion  House,  is  the  most  celebrated.       :<  rt  ( v 

Congress  spring,  much  more  resorted  to  than  any  other, 
and  of  which  more  is  sent  away,  is  in  the  S.  part  of  the  vil- 
lage. In  the  spring  of  1842,  this  fountain  was  cleansed  and 
renovated  by  putting  down  a  new  curb,  extending  down  to 
the  rock  from  which  the  water  issues,  which  increased  its 
gaseous  and  saline  qualities,  and  restored  it  to  its  original 
strength.  In  a  gallon  or  231  cubic  inches  of  the  watei 
of  this  spring,  are  about  300  cubic  inches  of  gaseous  con- 
tents. -'        '"'*V_;";       -.».■    iTV:-    ,?.    U.;-'i^.,ii    ;<-'.;■/    .  -V,  ■:«5^. 

Washington  spring,  situated  in  a  S.  W.  direction  from  Con- 
gress spring,  is  sparkling  and  aciduous,  with  a  temperature 
of  50  degrees ;  a  gallon  contains  439  grains  of  solid  contents, 
and  269  cubic  inches  of  gaseous  contents. 

Putnam's  Congress  spring,  near  the  U.  S.  Hotel,  has  a  tem- 
perature of  51^.  A  gallon  contains  361  grains  of  solid,  and 
348  cubic  in.  of  gaseous  contents. 

Pavilioi^  fountain,  is  brought  from  an  orifice  in  a  rock 
40  ft.  under  ground,  and  tubed  at  a  great  expense.  It  con-* 
tains  more  carbonic  acid,  and  next  to  the  Congress  is  more 
resorted  to,  than  any  other.  The  quantity  of  gas  which  it 
evolves  is  double  its  volume  of  water,  and  myriads  of  glo- 
bules are  thrown  by  it  nearly  a  foot  from  its  surface.  It  is 
very  lively  and  sparkling,  and  much  of  it  is  bottled.  One 
gallon  contains  361  grains  of  solid,  and  488  cubic  in.  of 
gaseous  contents. 

Iodine  spring,  a  new  fountain,  located  a  few  rods  N.  of  the 
High  Rock  spring,  has  a  less  quantity  of  iron  than  any  other, 
and  is  valuable  to  that  class  of  invalids  to  whom  iron  is  in- 
jurious. One  gallon  contains  294i  gmins  of  solid,  and  334 
cubic  in.  of  gaseous  contents.      *     '  =    ;*      .*.. 

Union  spring,  one  of  the  celebrated  "Ten  springs,"  con- 

H 


99  ALBANY   TO   SARATOGA. 

tains  in  a  gallon  of  its  water  393  grains  of  solid,  and  318  cu- 
bic in.  of  gaseous  contents.  i 

At  what  period  these  springs  were  discovered  is  not  pre- 
cisely  known.  In  1773  the  first  accommodations  for  inva- 
lids were  commenced  near  the  High  Rock  spring ;  Congress 
spring  was  discovered  in  1792.  So  beneficial  have  the  wa- 
ters proved  to  be,  that  upwards  of  35,000  persons  generally 
▼isit  the  springs  during  the  summer  season,  and  when  the 
houses  are  full  there  are  at  one  time  3000  persons.  The 
visiters  are  from  all  parts  of  the  union,  and  frequently  from 
foreign  countries.  The  arrivals  are  sometimes  1500  in  the 
course  of  a  week,  and  during  the  month  of  August,  the  larger 
houses  which  are  open  only  during  the  season,  are  filled  to 
overflowing.  Some  of  the  smaller  houses  remain  open  dur-^ 
ing  the  year,  principally  for  invalids. 

The  waters  are  useful  in  many  cases  of  disease,  but  even 
those  who  are  merely  recruiting  for  the  season,  derive  very 
beneficial  effects  from  drinking  of  them.  The  quantity  usu- 
ally taken  is  about  three  pints  before  breakfast,  and  although 
most  of  the  springs  are  private  property,  no  charge^  is  made, 
except  what  is  voluntarily  given  to  those  in  waiting.  Large 
quantities  of  the  water  are  bottled  and  sold  in  the  various 
cities;  it  strengthens  the  appetite  and  invigorates  the  sys- 
tem. Those  seriously  affected  with  disease  will  of  course 
take  the  advice  of  their  physician  as  to  the  proper  use  of  the 
waters.  To  those  who  desire  the  waters  to  operate  as  a  ca- 
thartic, it  is  recommended  to  rise  early,  and  take  two  tum- 
blers, and  after  a  walk  or  easy  exercise,  another  tumbler 
may  be  taken.  Most  persons  will  find  this  sufficient ;  but 
if  it  does  not  prove  so,  more  may  be  drank,  but  never  at  one 
time  should  more  than  from  4  to  6  pints  be  taken.  In  using 
the  waters  daily  not  more  than  from  4  to  8  glasses  should 
be  drank.  When  the  water  lies  heavy  on  the  stomach, 
causing  unpleasant  sensation,  its  use  shoi^d  be  <gUip6PQtiou^> 


>\ 


VlClNlTt   OP   THE    SPRINGS. 


87 


■■  With  regard  to  bathing,  the  same  degree  of  caution  should 
be  used  in  its  use.  Bathing  has  always  been  highly  recom- 
mended by  physicians,  and  the  mineral  baths  of  Saratoga 
possess  unusually  invigorating  qualities.  Many  cutaneous 
diseases  have  been  eradicated  by  the  use  of  the  sulphurous 
vrater,  and  severe  cases  of  rheumatism  have  been  cured  by 
bathing  in  it  when  it  was  heated.  The  best  time  for  bathing 
is  an  hour  before  dinner,  after  the  morning  meal  is  digested ; 
and  next  to  this^  is  the  morning  before  breakfast. 

Barhyt^s  Fish-pond  2  m.  E.  of  the  village  affords  most  ex- 
cellent sport  for  the  angler ;  the  trout  are  very  fine. 
'  Saratoga  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  9  m.  long,  and 
2  m.  wide,  is  4  m.  S.  £.  of  Saratoga  springs  and  8  m.  £.  of 
Ballston  Spa.  It  forms  a  favourite  resort  for  parties  of  plea- 
sure staying  at  the  springs,  as  well  as  for  the  angler  and  the 
sportsman,  as  the  lake  abounds  with  excellent  pike,  perch, 
and  other  fish,  and  the  shores  with  game. 

Another  favourite  trip  for  travellers  is  to  Bemua^  Heights., 
the  ground  of  two  famous  revolutionary  battles,  and  where 
Burgoyne  surrendered  himself  and  the  army  under  his  com- 
mand to  the  American  forces  commanded  by  Genl.  Gates,  on 
Oct.  17th,  1777.  Gen.  Burgoyne's  army  was  probably  the 
most  disciplined  and  best  equipped  of  any  that  were  brought 
into  the  field  during  the  revolutionary  struggle.  It  was  the 
General's  intention  to  force  his  way  from  Canada,  up  the 
river  ^Sorel,  through  Lake  Champlain  and  George,  and  the 
river  Hudson,  and  join  General  Clinton  at  New  York.  The 
Americans  though  driven  before  him,  cut  down  trees,  de- 
Btroyed  bridges,  and  impeded  his  progress  so  much,  that  at 
times  it  occupied  a  whole  day  to  advance  a  mile.  Burgoyne 
had  with  his  army  a  number  of  Indians  who  ravaged  the 
country  in  the  most  horrible  manner  ]  this  so  excited  the 
people,  that  an  army  of  13,000  men  was  collected  under 
Genl.  Gates  to  oppose  him.    By  the  middle  of  September 


,.g»B 


88 


ALBANY   TO   SARATOGA. 


li 


the  Americans  were  within  3  miles  of  the  British,  on  the 
Hudson.  The  latter  were  now  severely  pressed  for  provi- 
sions, which  had  to  be  brought  across  the  country  from  Lake 
George,  and  marched  on  towards  Albany.  The  Americans 
met  them  on  the  19th  at  Stillwater;  when  the  first  battle  was 
fought.  It  occurred  accidentally  rather  than  by  design,  origi- 
nating in  a  skirmish  between  two  advanced  parties  in  a 
cleared  field  surrounded  by  the  primitive  forest,  and  known 
as  Freeman's  farm.  About  noon  a  small  party  of  the  Ame- 
ricans falling  m  with  the  picket-guard  stationed  in  a  house 
in  this  clearing,  attacked  and  drove  them  from  it  and  in  pur- 
suing them,  came  upon  the  main  body  of  the  enemy,  by 
whom  part  where  captured.  Shortly  after,  the  fighting  was 
renewed  and  became  general  about  3  o'clock ;  it  raged  with 
great  slaughter  until  night,  when  the  Americans  retired  to 
their  camp  a  little  to  the  south.  The  victory  was  doubtful; 
the  British  lost  between  500  and  600,  nearly  double  the  loss 
of  the  Americans,  and  the  relative  circumstances  of  the  two 
armies  rendered  it  doubly  severe.  Genl.  Burgoyne  now 
pitched  his  camp  on  the  Saratoga  plains  about  3  m.  above 
the  village,  within  cannon  shot  of  the  American  lines.  r* 
Genl.  Clinton  was  at  this  time  attempting  to  force  a  pas- 
sage up  the  Hudson,  from  New  York,  to  reinforce  Burgoyne. 
Hot  skirmishes  now  took  place  every  day  between  the  two 
armies  at  Saratoga.  Sept.  23rd  a  cannonade  was  kept  up  for 
three  hours,  and  the  field  was  strewn  with  the  killed. 
-  The  decisive  battle  of  Oct.  7th  was  fought  on  nearly  the 
same  ground  as  the  former.  It  commenced  by  Genl.  Bur- 
goyne ordering  1500  men  with  ten  pieces  of  cannon  to  force 
the  left  wing  of  the  American  array,  with  a  view  of  covering 
a  foraging  party  in  that  direction.  The  Americans  though 
destitute  of  artillery,  promptly  gave  battle,  and  the  whole 
British  line  was  driven  back  by  a  tremendous  charge.  The 
battle  commenced  in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon,  and  after 


'-Tm:^' 


VICINITY   OF    THE    SPRINGS. 


89 


a  sanguinary  contest  the  discomHture  and  retreat  of  the 
British  became  general,  and  nothing  but  night  coming  on, 
saved  them  from  almost  entire  destmction.  During  the 
night  the  British  forsook  their  camp,  and  commenced  their 
retreat,  but  owing  to  the  heavy  rains  and  bad  state  of  the 
roads,  did  not  reach  their  final  position,  until  Oct.  IGth.  They 
then  took  their  station  upon  the  high  grounds  on  the  N.  side 
of  FishkiU  creek  overlooking  the  meadows  bordering  the 
Hudson.  Gen.  Gates  immediately  followed,  and  posted  his 
army  so  advantageously  as  to  completely  command  the  po- 
sition of  the  British.  In  this  hopeless  situation,  surrounded 
by  a  superior  force  and  nearly  destitute  of  provisions,  Genl. 
Burgoyne  accepted  the  terms  of  capitulation,  which  Genl. 
Gates  the  more  readily  offered  as  the  arrival  of  Genl.  Clinton 
with  reinforcemoats  for  the  British  was  shortly  expected. 
The  articles  of  capitulation  -were  executed  on  the  16th,  and 
the  surrender  took  place  next  day  at  Fort  Hardy,  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  FishkiU  creek,  near  where  now  is  situated  the 
village  of  Schuylerville.  The  captured  army  consisted  of 
nearly  10,000  men  including  Indians  j  and  40  cannon,  7000 
muskets,  and  a  vast  quantity  of  tent',  and  cartridges. 

In  the  last  battle  Gen.  Frazer,  a  British  officer  of  higl.  ..<  -jrit 
was  killed.  His  remains  were  buried  within  a  redoubt  on 
the  top  of  a  hill  about  a  mile  and  a  half  £.  of  the  battle 
ground.  '  ^  y,;  ^  «. , 

The  victory  gained  was  probably  the  most  important  during 
the  whole  war,  as  it  restored  the  hopes  of  the  Americans, 
and  induced  the  French  to  lend  their  assistance. 

Another  pleasant  trip  is  by  stage  to  Lake  George,  27  m. 
abounding  in  fine  scenery. 

Niskayuna,  the  Shaker  settlement  is  on  the  Mohawk  river, 
16  m.  distant. 

Travellers  proceeding  from  the  Springs  to  Niagara  Falls 

direct,  will  take  the  Rail  road  to  Schenectady,  and  from 

h2 


90 


SARATOGA    TO    CANADA. 


thence  by  R.  R.  or  canal  packet  to  Buffalo ;  or  stop  at  Syra- 
cuse, and  take  the  canal  packet  boat  to  Oswego,  from  thence 
by  steamboat  across  Lake  Ontario  to  Lewiston,  and  from 
thence  by  R.  R.  to  Niagara  Falls. 


TO   MONTREAL   AND   QUEBEC. 


.,,„>, 


I 


Travellers  going  further  north,  take  the  stage  to  Glen's 
Falls  and  Caldwell,  or  to  Whitehall,  via  Sandy  Hill,  or  Dun- 
barn's  Basin  on  the  Champlain  Canal. 

Glen's  Falls,  is  an  interesting  manufacturing  village  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Hudson,  Incorporated  in  1839.  It  contains  about 
1500  inhabitants,  3  churches,  numerous  saw  mills,  and  four 
taverns  at  one  of  which  the  stage  stops  for  passengers  to  dine ; 
the  fare  is  excellent.  On  both  sides  of  the  Hudson  extensive 
quarries  of  excellent  black  marble  are  worked ;  from  which  also 
superior  lime  is  made.  The  river  is  crossed  by  a  substantial 
bridge  nearly  600  ft.  long,  resting  in  the  middle  on  an  island 
of  marble.  From  the  bridge  an  excellent  view  of  ^he  river 
and  the  falls  can  be  had.  The  falls  are  formed  by  the  Hud- 
son  flowing  in  one  sheet  over  a  precipice  63  ft.  in  height, 
and  at  the  base  are  divided  by  the  rocks  into  three  channels. 
A  long  cave  in  one  of  the  rocks  extends  from  one  channel  to 
the  other.  A  navigable  feeder,  connecting  with  the  Hudson 
2  m.  above,  passes  through  the  place,  and  unites  with  the 
Champlain  Canal,  E.  of  Sandy  Hill.       '  -    ' 

From  Glen's  Falls  to  Lake  George,  9  m.,  the  road  affords 
a  variety  of  mountain  and  forest  scanery,  connected  with 
events  in  the  revolutionary  and  French  wars.  Five  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  falls,  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the  road,  is  the 
rock  near  which  Col.  Williams  was  massacred  by  the  Indians. 
Haifa  mile  further  is  the  "Bloody  Pond,"  into  which  nearly 
1000  English  and  French,  who  were  killed  in  1775,  during 
the  French  wars,  were  thrown. 


■  —~^r  ■mtiiimi     - 


LAKE    GEORGE. 


91 


Cddwellf  3  m.  farther,  62  m.  N.  of  Albany,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  S.  W.  end  of  Lake  George,  and  contains  693 
inhabitants,  a  courthouse,  jail,  one  church,  and  four  inns,  of 
the  latter  of  which,  the  Lake  House,  is  an  excellent  hotel, 
with  good  accommodations  for  fishing  parties,  or  parties  of 
pleasure.  To  the  E.  of  the  village  is  a  range  of  hills,  from 
the  highest  of  which,  Prospect  Hill,  a  view  of  the  site  of  old 
Fort  William  Henry,  the  ruins  of  Fort  George  and  Fort  Gage, 
and  the  surrounding  scenery,  may  be  had. 

Wo  here  take  the  steamboat,  for  36  m.  up 

Lake  George,  or  Iloricon,  or  Lake  Sacrament,  as  called 
by  the  French,  on  account  of  the  purity  of  its  waters,  which 
they  were  accustomed  to  use  in  their  churches  for  holy 
water ;  it  is  36  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  3  m.  wide,  elevated 
243  ft.  above  the  tide  water  of  the  Hudson.  The  scenery 
on  the  shores  is  remarkably  wild  and  beautiful;  its  high  and 
picturesque  hills  rising,  in  some  instances,  to  mountain 
height.  The  water  is  uncommonly  clear  and  transparent, 
the  bottom,  which  is  of  yellowish  sand,  being  visible  at  a 
depth  of  30  or  40  ft.  The  lake  is  dotted  with  over  300 
islands,  some  of  them  being  barren  rocks  rising  majestically 
from  the  water,  while  others  are  large  and  well  cultivated. 
The  finest  salmon-trout,  weighing  from  10  to  20  pounds, 
silver  trout,  brook  trout,  piks,  perch,  and  other  freshwater 
fish  of  the  finest  quality  abound.  Probably  no  other  lake  in 
the  world  surpasses  Lake  George  in  beauty  of  scenery.  Its 
repeating  echo  also  is  very  fine. 

Fort  William  Henryj  near  the  S.  shore,  is  still  visible  from 
the  ruins  of  the  walls  and  outworks.  In  1757  the  fort 
was  garrisoned  by  3000  men,  under  Col.  Monroe;  the 
French,  under  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  made  three  unsuc- 
cessful attacks  upon  it ;  the  fourth  time,  his  army  being  in- 
creased to  10,000  men,  the  English  were  obliged  to  capitu- 
late.   The  treaty  was  shamefully  violated  by  the  Indiana 


'4 


SARATOGA    TO   CANADA. 


attached  to  the  French  army,  who  massacred  the  whole  gar- 
rison, with  the  exception  of  a  few  who  escaped  to  Fort  Ed- 
ward.  The  fort  was  razed  by  Montcalm,  and  never  after- 
wards rebuilt.  From  this  point  Gen.  Abercrombie,  with 
15,000  men,  embarked,  in  1768,  to  attack  Fort  Ticonderoga. 
The  remains  of  Fori  George  are  visible  about  80  rods  farther 
south.  •'  '    •^'  ..'  1  .  .1  Ts 

Diamond  island,  near  Caldwell,  is  celebrated  for  its  quartz 
crystals,  in  shape  and  beauty  like  diamonds.  Twelve-mile 
island,  so  called  from  being  that  distance  from  Caldwell,  in 
the  middle  of  the  lake,  contains  20  acres,  and  is  elevated  30 
or  40  ft.  Tongue  Mountain,  with  West  Bay  on  its  W.  side, 
is  about  a  m.  farther.  Blcuk  Mountain,  2200  ft.  in  height, 
is  5  m.  farther  on  the  £.  side ;  opposite  to  which  is  Haif' 
way  island.  Sabbath-day  point,  24  m.  from  Caldwe)l,  is  a 
projection  on  the  W.  side,  where  the  English  landed  during 
the  French  war,  and  were  all  killed  by  the  Indians.  Ro^ers^ 
slide,  33  m.  is  a  rock  200  ft.  high,  with  an  angle  of  25  de- 
grees, by  sliding  down  which  Col.  Rogers  escaped  from  the 
Indians  during  the  French  war.  Anthony's  Nose,  is  a  high 
rock  nearly  opposite,  so  called  from  its  singular  shape. 

The  steamboat  lands  its  pa.ssengers  near  the  village  of 
Ticonderoga,  from  whence  stages  run  to  the  steamboat  land- 
ing on  Lake  Champlain,  near  Fort  Ticonderoga ;  where  steam 
passage  boats  on  their  route  from  Whitehall  to  St.  Johns, 
touch  daily  during  the  season  of  navigation. 

The  village  of  Ticonderoga,  is  a  thriving  place  containing 
2169  inhabitants,  2  churches,  and  numerous  mills.  The 
outlet  of  the  lake  here  has  a  descent  of  30  ft.  About  2  m. 
W.  of  the  town  are  the  upper  falls,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water. 
A  ferry  crosses  the  lake  to  Shoreland,  Vt. 

Mount  Defiance,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  outlet  of  Lake  George, 
is  a  bold  promontory,  about  750  ft.  above  the  lake,  and  over- 
looks ^nd  commands  Fort  Ticonderoga.    On  this  point  Gen. 


FORT   TICONDIROGA. 


93 


Burgoyne,  in  1777,  planted  several  pieces  of  artillery  and 
dislodged  the  Americans  from  the  fort,  which  before  was 
thought  impregnable.  From  this  point  an  extensive  view  is 
obtained  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  surrounding  country ; 
the  ascent  on  the  western  side  is  easy. 

Fort  TiconderogOj  now  in  ruins,  was  originally  constructed 
by  the  French  in  1756.  It  is  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  24  m.  from  Whitehall.  At  the  time  of  its  construction 
it  was  considered  almost  impregnable ;  it  stands  on  a  little 
peninsula  70  ft.  above  the  lake,  surrounded  by  water  on 
three  sides  and  was  defended  on  the  fourth  by  strong  breast 
works.  Parts  of  the  walls  are  still  standing ;  the  magazine 
under  ground  is  nearly  entire.  It  is  35  ft.  long,  15  ft.  wide, 
and  8  ft.  high,  constructed  of  stone,  arched.  A  subterranean 
passage,  20  or  30  rods  in  length,  leads  to  the  lake..  Through 
this  passage.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  of  the  American  army,  enter- 
ed  and  surprised  the  garrison  in  1775.  Surprising  the  com- 
mandant in  his  bed,  he  asked  him  to  surrender ;  to  whom  ? 
was  asked ;  ^'  why,  to  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress, 
to  be  sure,"  was  Allen's  laconic  reply.  | 

In  1758,  the  Fort  whilst  in  possession  of  the  French,  was 
attacked  by  Gen.  Abercrombie,  who  was  repulsed  with  a  loss 
of  2000  men.  On  the  approach  of  Gen.  Amherst,  in  1  59, 
it  was  evacuated  by  the  French,  as  was  also  Crown  Ifoint. 
It  was  retained  by  the  British  until  its  capture  by  Col.  Allen 
in  1775.  It  was  again  captured  by  the  British  under  Gen. 
Burgoyne,  in  1777,  who  erected  a  battery  on  Mt.  Defiance, 
which  commands  the  fort.  It  remained  in  their  hands  until 
the  close  of  the  war  j  since  then  it  has  been  suffered  to  go  to 
decay,  and  is  now  annually  visited  by  great  numbers  of  tra- 
vellers. The  Hotel  near  the  fort  is  delightfully  situated,  and 
has  excellent  accommodntions. 

Travellers  going  to  Montreal  and  Qmhec^  can  either  take 
the  steamboat  through  Lake  Champlain  to  St.  Johnh^  thence 


...jf^si^j 


94 


SARATOGA  TO   CAITADA. 


by  railroad  to  Montreal,  see  description  on  p.  96 ;  or,  return  by 
way  of  Saratoga  Springs,  thence  by  railroad  to  Niagara  Falls, 
from  thence,  up  Lake  Ontari6  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Mon- 
treal, &c. ;  or,  they  can  go  one  way  and  return  by  the  other 
and  enjoy  both  routes,  though  to  continue  on  is  preferable. 

FROM  SARATOGA  SPRINGS  TO  WHITEHALL.         ,  > 

By  stage  from  the  springs  to 

Sandy  Hill,  19  m.  situated  on  very  elevated  ground  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  immediately  above  Baker's  Falls,  a 
perpendicular  fall  of  50  ft.  which  in  addition  to  a  fall  of  12  ft. 
above,  affords  great  water  power.  The  streets  are  laid  out 
in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  with  a  common  of  that  shape  in 
the  centre  of  the  village.  It  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  3 
churches,  and  about  1000  inhabitants.  A  navigable  feeder 
of  the  Champlain  canal  1  m.  distant,  passes  through  the 
place.  The  Saratoga  and  Washington  H.  R.  when  completed, 
will  run  through  from  Saratoga  to  Whitehall,  40  m. 

A  daily  line  of  stages  run  from  Saratoga  to  Danhem's  Ba- 
sin, 2  m.  £.  on  the  Champlain  canal,  connecting  with  canal 
packets  to  Whitehall. 

Fort  Ann,  10  m.  N.  forms  one  of  the  chain  of  fortified 
points  between  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  r. 

Whitehall,  40  m.  from  Saratoga,  72  m.  N.  of  Albany,  is 
finely  situated  for  commerce  by  the  lake  and  canal,  but  in  a 
low  and  unpleasant  situation.  It  was  incorporated  in  1820, 
and  now  contains  2  churches,  one  banking  house,  4  hotels, 
and  3813  inhabitants.  Numerous  sloops,  steamboats,  and 
canal  boats,  are  connected  with  the  trade  of  the  town.  Two 
daily  lines  of  canal  packets  leave  for  Troy  and  Albany,  and 
two  daily  lines  of  stages,  one  passing  on  each  side  of  the 
river.  Two  daily  lines  of  stages ^un  to  Saratoga  springs,  in 
the  summer  months ;  a  daily  line  runs  to  Rutland,  Vt.  in- 
tersecting stage  lines  running  to  Boston,  &c. ;  and  during  the 


ALBANT   TO   CANADA. 


95 


IS 


close  of  navigation,  a  daily  line  runs  to  Burlington  and  Mon- 
treal. A  line  of  excellent  steamboats,  run  during  the  season 
of  navigation  to  St.  John's,  Canad^  stopping  at  intermediate 
places  on  Lake  Champlain.  *  ^ 

For  continuation  of  this  route  see  p.  96. 


SHARON   SPllINGS,  N.  Y. 


t 


These  Springs,  described  on  p.  107,  are  by*  many  preferred 
to  those  of  Saratoga.  Passengers  leave  Albany  in  the  morn- 
ing for  Canajoharie,  and  arrive  at  the  Springs  in  time  for 
dinner.    The  Pavilion  is  a  splrndid  house. 

FROM  ALBANY  OB  TROY  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC  ; 


^s^>- 


by  R.  R,  and  canal  packets. 


'  Passengers  by  this  the  most  comfortable  and  expeditious, 
route  take  the  canal  packet  at  Albany,  and  continue  through 
to  Whitehall ;  or  they  go  by  stage  or  steamboat  to  Troy,  and 
thence  by  canal  or  stage  route  to  Whitehall.    Fare  $4.62. 

By  canal  route  after  leaving  Albany  we  pass  through  West 
TroTfj  and  Cohoes  Falls.  At  the  latter  place  the  Mohawk  r. 
partly  confined  between  lofty  barriers  of  rock,  has  a  perpen- 
dicular fall  of  40  ft.  and  including  the  descent  above,  of  70  ft., 
presenting  a  sublime  and  grand  scene.  The  Troy  and  Sche- 
nectady R.  R.  passes  through  the  place.  Here  also  the  Erie 
canal  joins  the  Champlain  canal,  having  in  the  space  of  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  17  locks,  and  presenting  a  busy  aspect. 

Waterford^  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Mohawk  at  its  junction 
with  the  Hudson,  is  a  thriving  place,  and  contains  4  churches, 
a  bank,  and  1824  inhabitants.  It  is  connected  with  Lansing- 
burgh  by  a  bridge  800  ft.  long,  across  the  Hudson,  which 
cost  $70,000.  The  Troy,  and  Saratoga  R.R.  passes  through 
the  town.  Mechanicsville,  8  m.  farther,  is  a  small  manu- 
facturing village. 


Hi 


w- 


&6. 


LAKE    CHAMPLAIN. 


Stillwater^  4  m.  farther,  is  an  old  and  quiet  settlement,  in- 
corporated in  1816.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  town  is  situated 
Bemus'  Heights  where  Gen.  Burgoyne  was  defeated  by  the 
American  aTvn!f  under  Gen.  Gates  in  1777.    See  p.  87. 

SchuylervilUj  14  m.  farther,  Fort  Miller ^  4  m.  and  Foi't 
Edward  5  m.  aref  interesting  localities  on  the  route  before 
reaching  Sandy  Hill,  5  m.  For  continuation  of  the  route  to 
Whitehall,  see  p.  94. 

From  Whitehall,  we  take  the  steamboat  up  Lake  Cham- 
plain  to  St.  Johri*s.  '  ^:*   ''":"''' 

Lake  Champlain,  lying  between  New  York  and  Vermont, 
is  140  m.  long  from  N.  to  S.  varying  in  breadth  from  half  a 
m.  to  14  m.  The  lake  for  20  m.  from  Whitehall  to  the  S. 
part  of  Orwell,  Vt.  has  the  appearance  of  a  river  averaging 
about  half  a  mile  in  breadth.  To  the  N.  of  this  it  gradually 
pxpands  to  a  width  of  3  m.,  still  increasing  fiorthward,  until 
above  Burlington  it  increases  to  14  m.,  its  widest  part.  Its 
outlet  is  Sorel  or  Richelieu  r.  60  m.  long,  which  enters  the  St. 
Lawrence,  45  m.  below  Montreal.  It  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  24  m.  to  St.  John's,  below  which  the  navigation  is 
interrupted  by  the  Chambly  rapids.  The  lake  abounds  with 
salmon,  salmon  trout,  sturgeon,  and  other  excellent  fish}  it 
is  generally  frozen  ever  in  the  winter  and  is  passable  on  the 
ice.  The  excellent  accommodations  of  the  steamboats,  the 
picturesque  scenery  on  the  shores  of  the  lake  crowned  by 
lofty  mountains,  and  the  interesting  localities  celebrated  in 
the  former  and  late  wars,  render  this  excursion  delightful. 
Near  the  centre  of  the  lake,  the  large  expanse  of  water,  bor- 
dered by  the  most  picturesque  scenery,  with  the  Green  Moun- 
tains on  the  E.  and  the  high  peaks  of  the  Adirondack  group 
on  the  W.,  form  grand  and  romantic  features  of  lake  scenery. 
Numerous  rivers  flow  into  the  lake,  many  of  them  having 
falls  of  great  beauty.  It  is  dotted  with  numerous  islands,  the 
largest  of  which.  Grand  island,  is  divided  into  two  parts,  N. 


iL 


LAKE    CHAMPLAIN CROWN    POINT. 


97 


"K. 


and  S.  Hero.  The  lake  is  connected  with  the  Hudson  on  the 
S.  by  the  Charaplain  canal,  and  with  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the 
N.  by  the  Charably  canal. 

Fort  TiconderogOj  (described  on  p.  93,)  is  the  first  landing 
place.  On  the  opposite  or  £.  side  of  the  lake,  are  the  remains 
oi  Fort  Independence.  ,  -.,-:.. 

Shoreham,  2  m.  from  Ticonderoga,  Bridport,  9  m.  and 
Chimney  point  6  m.  further  are  all  landing  places  on  the  £. 
shore.  .  -     -^ 

Crown  Point,  on  the  W.  side,  18  ni.  N.  of  Ticonderoga, 
is  a  peninsula  of  solid  rock,  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  earth. 
The  fortress  which  has  rendered  this  point  so  interesting, 
though  formerly  one  of  the  strongest  in  No.  America,  is  now 
dilapidated,  and  in  ruins.  It  was  built  by  the  French  in 
1731,  and  called  Fort  St.  Frederick.  It  was  abandoned  by 
them  in  1759,  on  the  approach  of  the  British  under  Gen.  Am- 
herst, and  retained  by  them  until  May  10th,  1775,  when  it 
was  captured  by  the  Americans  under  Seth  Warner,  on  the 
same  day  that  Ticonderoga  was  surprised  by  Col.  Allen.  In 
1776  it  again  fell  into  the, hands  of  the  British,  who  retained 
it  until  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  in  1777,  It  is  situated  47  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  lake ;  its  form  and  dimensions  can  still 
be  traced.  It  was  of  an  irregular  pentagon  shape,  with  ram- 
parts strongly  riveted  with  solid  masonry,  and  a  double  row 
of  stone  barracks,  with  a  drawbridge,  and  a  covered  way 
leading  to  the  lake.  The  whole  was  surrounded  by  a  ditch, 
blasted  out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  cost  about  two  millions 
sterling.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  beautiful.  The  village 
oi  Crown  Point  is  a  small  place,  with  one  church. 

Port  Henry  on  the  W.  contains  some  valuable  iron  mines 
•worked  by  the  Port  Henry  Iron  company. 

Westport,  54  m.  N.  of  Whitehall,  is  a  thriving  place  con- 
taining several  mills  and  forges,  and  connected  with  the  E. 
ghore  by  a  ferry.  :  >  .  ;-.:        ^    ;   . ;   %;, 

7  I 


K, 


popilPj 


.* 


ALBANY    TO   CANADA. 

Fort  Cassin,  61m.  from  Whitehall,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
lake,  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Otto  r.,  which  is  navi- 
gable 5  m.  to  Vergennes.  -.  , 

Split  Rock,  nearly  diagonally  opposite,  is  one  of  the  great- 
est natural  curiosities  on  the  lake.  It  consists  of  a  rocky 
promontory  projecting  into  the  lake  about  150  ft.  and  receives 
its  name  from  the  end  portion  of  it  being  detached  from  the 
main  rock ;  of  which  it  has  evidently  at  one  time  formed  a 
portion,  as  the  prominences  of  the  one  side  correspond  with 
the  cavities  of  ^he  other.  The  detached  part  contains  about 
half  an  acre,  covered  with  trees  and  separated  from  the 
main  rock  by  about  20  ft. ;  through  this  fissure  a  line  has 
been  let  down  to  the  depth  of  500  ft.  without  reaching  bottom. 

Essex,  on  the  W.,  68  m.  from  Whitehall,  is  handsomely 
situated,  and  extends  for  3  m.  It  contains  several  churches, 
a  number  of  stores,  and  many  good  dwellings,  surrounded 
with  gardens.  It  is  connected  by  a  ferry  with  Charlotte 
Landing  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  which  is  here  3  or 
4  m.  in  width.  Mount  Marcy,  one  of  the  peaks  of  the  Adi- 
rondack group,  is  seen  rising  to  the  height  of  5,467  ft. 

Burlington,  Vt.  on  the  E.  side,  82  m.  N.  of  Whitehall, 
and  75  m.  S.  of  St.  John's,  Canada,  is  a  beautiful  town, 
the  largest  in  the  state,  and  the  finest  for  its  extent,  in  the 
U.  States.  It  is  built  upon  a  bay  between  two  points  of  land ; 
the  shore  in  the  S.  part  is  low,  but  to  the  N.  it  becomes 
elevated  j  from  this  bank  a  powerful  battery  once  maintained 
an  action  of  half  an  hour,  with  a  British  naval  force  on  the 
lake.  In  the  S.  part  the  ground  rises  by  a  gradual  ascent 
for  a  mile  until  it  attains  an  elevation  of  281  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  lake.  The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  with  a 
public  square  near  the  centre,  in  which  the  courthouse  is 
built,  and  is  surrounded  with  fine  stores,  and  the  principal 
hotels.  The  dwellings  are  neat  and  handsome,  with  gardens 
and  shrubbery  attached.    The  public  buildings  are  spacious 


BURLINOTO  N — P  O  R  T    KENT. 


09 


and  elegant.  The  University  of  Vermont  on  the  highest  ele- 
vation has  four  spacious  edifices,  a  president  and  five  pro- 
J"es8ors,  and  a  library  of  about  10,000  vols. ;  it  was  founded 
in  1791. 

Burlington  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  2  banks,  6  churches 
some  very  handsome,  an  Episcopal  institute,  numerous  stores 
and  factories,  and  a  population  of  427 L  The  harbour  is  the 
best  on  the  lake,'  and  is  defended  from  the  west  winds  by  a 
breakwater,  to  be  2000  ft.  long,  erected  by  the  U.S.  govern- 
ment. The  light  house  in  the  form  of  a  truncated  cone  on  Ju- 
niper island  was  erected  in  1826 ;  it  is  30  ft.  high,  18  ft.  in  dia- 
meter at  the  base,  and  12  ft.  at  the  top,  and  is  kept  lighted  in 
the  night,  during  the  season  of  navigation.  The  lake  is  here 
10  m.  broad,  which  is  its  widest  part  unobstructed  by  islands. 
The  commerce  of  Burlington,  both  by  the  lake,  and  with  the 
fertile  back  country  is  very  extensive. 

The  view  to  be  had  from  the  cupola  of  the  University  is 
beautiful  and  sublime.  The  lake  with  its  bays,  and  islands, 
and  numerous  vessels, — the  village  sloping  gently  from  the 
shore — the  beautiful  windings  of  the  Winooski  or  Onion 
river — the  lofty  Adirondack  Mountains  of  New  York,  and 
the  elevated  summits  of  the  Green  Mountauis  in  the  rear  of 
the  town,  all  meet  the  delighted  vision  in  succession. 

A  steamboat  crosses  from  here  to  Port  Kentf  10  m.  and  to 
Pia//s&Mrg  12  m.  farther.  '^       - 

Port  Kent  is  beautifully  situated,  commanding  a  beautiful 
view  of  the  lake  and  its  scenery.  About  4  m.  to  the  W.  of 
Port  Kent,  is  the  village  of  Keeseville,  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Sable  r.  which  affords  great  water  power.  It  contains 
about  2000  inhabitants,  4  churches,  a  bank,  and  numerous 
factories.  At  Birmingham^  about  2  m.  below  Keeseville  the 
Au  Sable  river  falls  over  a  precipice  about  80  feet  in  height, 
below  which  the  river  becomes  narrower  and  again  falls 
ever  a  high  precipice  and  enters  a  deep  ravine  of  singular 


100 


ALBANY   TO    CANADA. 


r..,-'-- 
,-•- 


and  romantic  beauty.  The  whole  fall  is  about  150  ft.,  below 
which  the  river  has  an  average  width  of  50  ft.  and  flows  for 
about  2  m.  between  perpendicular  walls  of  rock  from  75  to 
150  ft.  in  height.  The  whole  forms  scenery  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque character,  and  is  a  natural  curiosity  well  worth 
"seeing. 

Plattsburgh,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  lake,  107  m.  from 
Whitehall,  is  the  capital  of  Clinton  co.  It  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Saranac  r.  at  the  head  of  Cumberland  Bay  formed 
by  Cumberland  head  peninsula  which  extends  nearly  3  m. 
into  the  lake.  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1815,  and  now 
contains  the  county  offices,  a  bank,  an  academy,  a  lyceum,  \ . 
4  churches,  numerous  mills  and  factories,  and  5  taverns. 
The  Saranac  has  a  succession  of  falls  creating  a  great  water 
power.  The  surrounding  country  is  rich  in  agricultural  and 
mineral  resources.  Plattsburg  is  an  U.  S.  military  post,  and 
the  government  have  erected  a  breakwater  for  the  protection 
of  the  harbor,  and  extensive  stone  barracks. 

Plattsburgh  was  rendered  celebrated  by  the  brilliant  vic- 
tory of  McDonough  and  Macomb,  over  the  naval  and  land 
forces  of  the  British,  under  Prevost  and  Downie,  during  the  ' 
last  war.  The  battle  was  fought  on  Sunday  Sept.  1 1th,  1814. 
The  naval  engagement  took  place  in  front  of  the  village.  The 
American  naval  forces  were  commanded  by  Commodore 
McDonough,  and  consisted  of  86  guns  and  820  men;  the 
British  naval  force  consisting  of  95  guns  and  1050  men  was 
commanded  by  Commodore  Downie.  The  American  vessels 
were  anchored  in  the  ba}  awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  British 
fleet,  which  appeared  passing  Cumberland  Head  at  about  8 
o'clock  A.  M.  After  a  sharp  engagement  of  about  two  hours,  • 
in  the  early  part  of  which  Com.  Downie  was  killed,  the 
British  fleet  was  captured.  The  American  land  forces  under 
Gen.  Macomb  consisted  of  1500  regulars  and  2500  militia, 
opposed  to  14,000  of  the  best  land  forces  of  the  British  undar 


»■ 


PLATTSBUR  G A  L  B  U  R  G. 


101 


ar 


Sir  George  Prevost.  The  first  gun  fired  by  the  fleets,  which 
were  in  full  view  from  the  shore,  was  the  signal  for  attack 
on  land.  Sir  Geo.  Prevost  furiously  assaulted  the  defences 
of  the  town,  but  was  gallantly  repelled  by  Macomb  and  his 
4000  men  mostly  undisciplined,  until  the  capture  of  the  fleet, 
when  he  was  obliged  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of  2500  men, 
besides  considerable  baggage  and  ammunition. 

Com.  Downie  who  fell  in  the  engagement  was  a  brave  and 
skilful  officer.  His  remains  and  those  of  the  other  oflicers 
who  fell  in  the  encounters  on  land  and  water,  were  interred 
in  the  churchyard  at  Plattsburgh,  without  any  permanent 
memorial  being  erected  at  the  time.  A  number  of  years 
afterwards  Mary  Downie  a  sister-in-law  of  the  commodore 
erected  a  monument  over  his  remains.  In  1843  a  public 
meeting  was  held,  and  on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle,  mar- 
ble monuments  with  appropriate  inscriptions  were  erected 
by  the  citizens  at  the  several  graves,  amid  appropriate  cere- 
monies. A  ride  over  the  battle  fields,  and  a  visit  to  McDo- 
nough's  farm,  will  prove  pleasant  occupations  for  the  visiter 
at  Plattsburgh. 

Between  Crab  or  Hospital  Island  and  Cumberland  Head  is 
where  the  naval  action  was  fought,      ^^r  vf  ...  ; 

Grand  Islcj  formed  of  the  islands  North  and  South  Hero 
are  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Vermont.       '  ' : iS'        , ri  •■: 

Chazy,  123  m.  from  Whitehall,  is  the  next  steamboat  land- 
ing on  the  W.  side. 

To  the  E.  of  this  is  Isle  au  Mott,  6  m.  long  and  2  m.  wide. 
It  contains  a  valuable  marble  quarry,  and  a  fertile  soil.  It 
forms  one  of  the  townships  of  Vermont  and  contains  a  popu- 
lation of  435.    Farther  E.  is 

Alburg,  Vt.  a  point  of  land  projecting  S.  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain  ;  it  is  level,  low  and  fertile.  The  town  is  on  the  E. 
side ;  a  short  distance  N.  are  the  Alburg  Springs  which  have 
proved  efficacious  for  the  cure  of  scrofula  and  other  diseases. 

i2 


.Jif' 


# 


102 


ALBANY   TO    CANADA. 


There  are  several  stores  and  mills,  and  a  pop.  of  1344.  N.  E. 
of  this  is  a  large  body  of  water  called 
-f-       ^   Missisqui  Bay  lying  mostly  in  Canada  N.  of  the  45th  de- 
gree of  N.  latitude.  ^^     :v  r-Kj;         ^     .,^    Arvi:      :     ^ 

Rouse's  Pointy  the  last  landing  before  entering  the  Canadian 
■waters,  is  25  m.  below  St.  John's  and  132  m.  from  Whitehall, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  lake.  The  village  contains  a  church 
and  about  125  inhabitants.     A  little  N.  of  the  village  is 

The  Boundary  Line  between  the  U.  States  and  Canada, 
indicated  on  the  E.  by  a  long  line  of  road  cut  through  the 
forest.  Below  the  line  is  a  strong  fortress  commenced  by 
the  U.  S.  government  in  1815,  but  by  the  decision  of  the 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  it  was 
found  to  be  N.  of  the  45th  degree  of  N.  latitude,  and  the 
works  were  abandoned  by  the  United  Slates. 

By  the  Ashbnrton  and  Webster  treaty,  concluded  at  Wash- 
ington in  1842,  it  was  given  up  to  the  U.  States.  It  is  in  the 
form  of  a  round  tower  built  of  stone,  pierced  for  several  tiers 
of  guns  and  has  so  far  cost  $400,000.  It  is  in  a  very  dilapi- 
dated condition,  and  serves  now  only  to  point  out  the  line  of 
division  between  the  two  countries,  but  in  case  of  war  it 
w^ould  be  of  vast  importance,  as  it  commands  the  navigable 
channel  of  the  lake,  which  here  narrows  to  a  mile  in  width. 

After  entering  the  Canadian  waters,  we  pass  Ash  Island 
4  m.  N.  of  Rouse's  Point,  and  here  enter  upon  the  Richelieu 
or  St.  John^s  River,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain,  about  half 
a  mile  wide.  The  shore  on  both  sides  of  the  stream,  for  a 
number  of  miles  presents  a  low  and  flat  surface,  being  almost 
level  with  the  water.  Our  next  stopping  place  is  at  the 
I  Isle  aux  Noix,  12  m.  N.  of  Rouse's  Point.  Here  the  British 

have  a  strong  fortification  occupied  by  their  troops,  and  com- 
manding the  channel  of  the  river.  A  custom  house  officer 
comes  on  board  on  the  upward  trip,  and  on  the  return  the 
permits  are  required  to  be  shown.    The  baggage  of  the  pas- 


ifts^ 


ST.    JOHN'S — LA    PRAIRIE. 


103 


sengers  is  inspected  before  being  removed  on  shore  at  St. 
John's,  and  a  duty  levied  on  all  articles  not  admitted  free. 
The  troops  under  Generals  Schuyler  and  Montgomery,  in  the 
expedition  against  Canada  in  1775,  came  down  the  lake  on 
rafts  and  landed  at  this  island,  from  whence  they  proceeded 
to  St.  John's.  The  other  detachment,  under  Genl.  Arnold 
marched  by  land  through  Maine,  then  a  wilderness,  to 
Quebec.  '*  ■•--"'   ■•»'  -t /i^.fj-.^fi^y 

St.  John's  or  Dorchester^  157  m.  from  Whitehall,  23  m. 
N.  of  the  boundary  line,  and  24  m.  S.  of  Montreal,  is  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Richelieu  river.  It  is 
well  situated  on  the  W.  side,  and  connected  with  St.  Atha- 
naise  village  by  a  bridge.  It  contains  about  2000  inhabitants, 
3  churches,  a  custom  house  and  soldiers'  barracks,  and  10 
hotels,  of  which  Mann's,  Morehouse's,  and  Mrs.  Watson's 
are  considered  the  best.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness, though  containing  nothing  in  its  appearance  interesting 
to  a  stranger.  It  was  an  important  post  during  the  French 
and  Revolutionary  wars;  in  the  latter  it  was  taken  after  a 
gallant  defence,  by  Genl.  Montgomery ;  as  was  also  Chambly. 

The  Chambly  Canal,  completed  by  the  Provincial  govern- 
ment in  1843  at  a  cost  of  $400,000,  extends  12  m.  from  St. 
John's  to  Chambly,  on  the  N.  W.  side  of  the  Richelieu  river. 
It  has  a  descent  of  90  ft.  in  10  m.  through  9  locks  120  ft.  long 
and  24  ft.  wide,  with  a  lift  of  10  ft.  each.  It  forms  an  im- 
portant link  in  the  water  communication  from  New  York  to 
Quebec,  affording  navigation  between  Lake  Champlain  and 
the  St.  Lawrence  river.,  w.  ;^  •-.==.;,. ■-•iis;.::^/'^-*!-?:  }  fi.:  i^     .^  ■:>.'  r.-  >;. 

From  St.  John's  we  lake  the  cars  of  the  Champlain  and 
St.  Lawrence  R.  R.  over  a  level  section  of  country  for  16  m. 
to  La  Prairie;  usual  fare  $1,00,  second  class  cars  50  cts. 

As  we  approach  the  St.  Lawrence  the  view  of  the  river 
and  its  scenery  becomes  truly  grand  and  interesting.  This 
great  river  forms  the  outlet  of  the  five  great  lakes  or  inland 


104 


ALBANY    TO    CANADA. 


seas  of  N.  America,  and  after  a  course  of  2000  m.  flows  into 
the  gulph  of  St.  Lawrence,  receiving  the  drainage  of  over 
500,000  sq.  m.  With  the  middle  of  the  lakes  through  which 
it  passes,  it  forms  the  boundary  between  the  U.  States  and 
Canada,  until  it  intersects  the  45^  of  N.  lat.  If  we  consider 
it,  as  it  should  be,  in  connexion  with  the  chain  of  lakes  of 
which  it  is  the  outlet,  it  is  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the 
world,  its  entire  course,  from  its  source  to  its  mouth,  maybe 
estimated  at  2000  m.  It  receives  different  names  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  its  course.  Between  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  it 
is  called  the  St.  Mary ;  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Erie,  the 
St.  Clair  and  Detroit ;  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  the 
Niagara;  and  from  Ontario  to  Montreal,  it  is  sometimes 
called  the  Iroquois,  though  from  Lake  Ontario  to  its  mouth  it 
is  usually  the  St.  Lawrence  proper.  Besides  traversing  Lakes 
Superior,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  the  Lake  St.  Clair  and 
some  similar  sheets  of  water  are  mere  enlargements  of  its 
bed ;  Lake  Michigan  is  also  included  in  its  basin,  which  is 
supposed  by  Darby  to  contain  ^'  more  than  the  half  of  all  the 
freshwater  on  this  planet."  The  river  varies  in  breadth  from 
i  a  mile  to  3  m.  above  Quebec ;  but  below  Quebec  it  in- 
creases in  width  rapidly,  until  about  350  m.  from  it,  it  is  nearly 
100  m.  across.  Its  average  fall  is  about  6  inches  a  mile,  but 
this  is  very  unequally  distributed  on  account  of  the  many, 
and  in  one  instance  stupendous,  cataracts,  mpids,  &c.  on  its 
route.  It  receives  numerous  tributaries,  many  of  them  large, 
and  is  remarkable  for  its  uniformity,  and  for  the  clearness  of 
its  waters.  It  is  a  great  commercial  thoroughfare,  its  banks, 
and  those  of  its  lower  lakes,  being  studded  with  flourishing 
cities  and  towns.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  400  m. 
to  Quebec,  and  for  ships  of  600  tons  to  Montreal  180  m.  above. 
There  is  a  continued  navigation  for  vessels  of  a  medium  bur- 
den from  the  head  of  Lake  Huron  to  Kingston  on  Lake  On- 
tario, and  from  Montreal  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 


ALBANY    TO    BUFFALO. 


105 


The  water  communication  between  Kingston  and  Montreal 
is  effected  chiefly  by  a  chain  of  canals.  Strong  tides  prevent 
the  St.  Lawrence  being  covered  with  compact  ice  below 
Quebec ;  but  the  enormous  masses  driven  in  every  direction 
by  the  winds  and  currents  render  that  portion  unnavigable 
for  nearly  half  the  year.  The  lakes  are  generally  frozen 
only  to  a  number  of  miles  from  the  shore,  not  sufRcient  to 
stop  commercial  intercourse. 

From  La  Prairie  we  take  the  steamboat  to  Montreal  8  m. 
Towards  the  W.  are  seen  the  Lachiue  rapids,  one  of  the 
most  dangerous  on  the  river.  As  we  approach  Mojitreal  the 
city  with  its  spreading  mass  of  well  built  stores  and  dwell- 
ings,— the  spires  of  the  churches,  most  conspicuous  amongst 
which  is  the  grand  French  Cathedral — the  shipping — and  its 
line  of  noble  stone  wharves, — favorably  impress  one's  mind 
of  the  city  which  he  is  appcoaching. 

Oi^-  For  continuation  of  the  route  and  description  of  Mon- 
treal, see  p.  169. 


FROM  ALBANY   TO   BUFFALO,  NIAGARA  FALLS,  ETC. 

By  this  route  the  traveller  passes  through  a  rich  and  fer- 
tile country  cultivated  to  a  high  degree,  studded  with  nu- 
merous large  and  beautiful  towns,  the  intervening  portions 
thickly  settled  with  a  wealthy  population ;  and  the  whole 
with  its  smiling  fields,  its  handsome  towns,  and  beautiful 
scenery,  presenting  to  the  view  one  of  the  finest  portions  of 
the  United  States. 
Usual  time  from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  1  h.  fare  60. 
Schenectady  to  Utica,  5  h.  30  m.  fare  3.00. 
Utica  to  Syracuse,  3  h.  30  m.  fare  2.00. 
Syracuse  to  Auburn.  2h.  fare  1.00. 

Auburn  to  Rochester,  6  h.  fare  3.00. 

2.50. 
$12.00. 


Rochester  to  Buffalo,  5  h. 


m 

1 


Total  time  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  24  h.  fare 


100 


TO    BUFFALO)   N  I  A  G  A  R  A,   EtC. 


By  railroad  from  depot  in  Maiden  Lane  every  morning  and 
evening,  to  Schenectady  16  m.  from  Albany,  and  20  m. 
from  Troy — time  1  h.     See  p.  83. 

From  Schenectady  besides  the  R.  R.,  commodious  Canal 
Packet  boats  run  to  Utica,  aflbrding  a  cheap  and  comfort- 
able conveyance ;  but  the  R.  R.  all  the  way  through  is  more 
preferable  for  speed  and  pleasant  travelling ;  the  whole  route 
possesses  much  interest^  exhibiting  a  scenery  unusually  rich 
and  diversified. 

*  The  cars  on  leaving  Schenectady  cross  the  Erie  canal  and 
Mohawk  r.  by  substantial  bridges,  then  passing  along  the  N. 
side  of  the  Mohawk.  Hoffmanns  9  m.  and  Cranesville  3  m. 
are  small  towns. 

Amsterdam^  4  ro.  contains  a  bank,  4  churches,  and  about 
1700  inhabitants.  A  creek  passing  through  the  village,  falls 
over  a  number  of  beautiful  cascades,  affording  water  power 
for  mills.  The  river  is  crossed  by  a  substantial  bridge  con- 
necting the  village  with  Port  Jackson  on  the  opposite  side. 
Large  quantities  of  line  limestone  aro  annually  quarried  in 
the  vicinity.  '  •  ' 

Stages  leave  Amsterdam  daily  for  the  Fish  Housej  on  the 
Sacondaga  r.  and  other  places  on  the  N.  About  a  mile  from 
Amsterdam  on  the  S.  side  of  the  railroad,  and  a  mile  farther 
on  the  N.  side  are  two  large  stone  mansions  of  the  Johnson 
family  ^rlebrated  in  the  early  history  and  Indian  wars  of 
this  part  of  the  country. 

At  Trihe^s  Hill  5  m.  the  road  passes  round  its  b'  s?, 
through  an  extensive  excavation  of  toc\  affording  a  fine  rror, 
pect  of  the  Mohawk  valley,  the  outlet  of  Schoharie  i  >3fk, 
the  dam  and  bridge  across  the  same,  and  the  Erie  canal. 
)  Fondoj  6  m.  is  a  pleasant  county  seat,  containing  a  hand- 
some counnonse.  Johnstown  4  m.  N.  is  an  old  town  settled 
by  Sir  Wm,  Job  i^^n,  and  connected  with  Fonda  by  stages. 

Spvaker's  J*  m ,  -,nd  tu  j  Nosv.  a  short  distance  farther  are 


i 


SHARON    SPRINO  ^  — LITTLB    FALLS.        107 


the  next  points  on  the  roa(*     Here  (ha  passage  becoi 
contracted  by  bold  and  lofty  mountains. 

Pcdatine  bridge  3  m.  connects  wiih  'he  thriving  viliagr*  of 
Canajoharie  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river.  The  Erie  canal 
passes  through  the  centre  of  the  village. 

SiiM'jN  Springs,  nearly  12  m.  S.  of  Canajoharie  is  a  de- 
!.7Tlitinl  Mimmer  retreat.  The  springs  of  pure  clear  water 
much  resembling  the  White  Sulphur  springs  of  Virginia,  are 
ii.<,hly  efRcacious  in  rheumatic,  cutaneous,  and  dyspeptic 
complaints  and  possess  medicinal  properties  unsurpassed  in 
the  United  States.  The  rides  amidst  the  romantic  scenery, 
visits  to  the  caves  and  neighboring  villages,  together  with 
the  splendid  view  from  the  Pavilion  House,  and  the  excelle  it 
fishing  in  Otsego  lake,  are  the  chief  points  of  attraction, 
besides  the  springs.  Coopcrstown,  near  the  outlet  of  the  lake, 
is  most  delightfully  situated  amidst  beautiful  scenery. 

Fort  Plain  3  m.  is  a  flourishing  little  village  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Mohawk,  from  whence  stages  run  daily  to  Cherry 
Valley,  Cooperstown,  and  Sharon  Springs.  Here  the  valley 
again  widens,  aflfording  a  charming  view  of  hill  and  dale, 
until  reaching  the  mountain  scenery  near  Little  Falls ;  this 
is  by  far  the  most  interesting  portion  of  the  route. 

Palatine  Church  3  m.  and  St.  Johnsville  3  m.  are  small 
settlements. 

East  Canada  creek,  3m.  enters  the  Mohawk,  and  is  crossed 
by  a  substantial  bridge.  About  3  m.  farther  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Mohawk  is  seen  a  brick  house  on  elevated  ground, 
the  former  residence,  and  house  in  which  Genl.  Herkimer 
died  from  a  wound  received  in  a  skirmish  in  1777. 

Within  2  m.  of  Little  Falls  the  passage  of  the  river  is  con- 
fined within  very  narrow  limits  between  two  lofty  and  pre- 
cipitous mountains  Large  excavations  and  extensive  em- 
bankments have  been  made  to  form  a  passage  for  the  rail- 
road until  H  passes  the  precincts  of  the  village. 


r 


11 


^1 


108  TO    BUFFALO,   NIAGARA,   ETC. 


LITTLE   FALLS, 

7  m.  is  romantically  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
-which  has  a  descent  of  42  ft.  in  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
chiefly  by  two  long  rapids.  The  village  derives  its  name 
from  a  cataract  in  the  vicinity,  which  being  smaller  than  the 
celebrated  Cohoes,  has  thus  received  its  title.  A  continu- 
ation of  the  chain  of  the  Catsberg  mountains  crosses  the 
river  here,  through  a  gap  of  which  the  river  has  apparently 
worn  a  passage  of  confined  breadth,  though  suflicient  to 
afford  room  for  a  large  town  besides  the  canal  and  railroad. 

The  village  is  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  ascent, 
between  the  rushing  waters  of  the  Mohawk  on  the  one  side 
and  the  rugged  cliffs  on  the  other.  It  contains  5  churches, 
an  extensive  academy,  a  bank,  5  hotels  and  taverns,  about 
2500  inhabitants,  and  various  mills  and  manufactories  driven 
by  the  extensive  water  power  here  gained.  It  owes  its 
present  size  to  the  facihties  for  trade  afforded  by  the  Mo- 
hawk river  and  Erie  canal,  and  is  constantly  increasing. 

The  bed  of  the  river  is  composed  of  hard  primitive  gra- 
nitic gneiss,  above  which  on  the  mountain  sides,  are  exten- 
sive layers  of  sand  stone  and  blue  limestone.  The  Erie 
canal  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river  winds  its  way  for  some  dis- 
tance along  the  side  of  a  bold  and  lofty  mountain,  the  chan- 
nel resting  on  a  wall  nearly  30  ft.  high,  constructed  at  great 
expense.  Boats  were  formerly  transported  around  the  falls 
through  a  canal  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river ;  this  is  now  con- 
nected and  acts  as  a  feeder  to  the  main  canal,  by  a  fine 
marble  aqueduct  214  ft.  long,  and  16  ft.  wide,  which  crosses 
the  river  on  three  arches.      , 

Approaching  from  the  E.  a  lofty  ridge  of  mountains  on 
either  side,  conceals  the  course  of  the  river  and  the  falls, 
whose  vicinity  is  announced  only  by  the  distant  din  and 


LITTLE    PALL  S — U  T  I  C  A.  * 


109 


le  river, 
'  a  mile 
ts  name 
than  the 
continu- 
sses  the 
parently 
icient  to 
railroad. 
i  asceut, 
one  side 
hurches, 
18,  about 
38  driven 
owes  its 
the  Mo- 
sing, 
tive  gra- 
e  exten- 

le  Erie 
Dme  dis- 
le  chan- 
at  great 

he  falls 
liow  con- 
a  fine 

crosses 

tains  on 
le  falls, 
din  and 


foam  of  its  waters.  The  village  surrounded  by  high  and 
almost  perpendicular  masses  of  dark  rocks,  with  evergreens 
and  other  trees  adding  deeper  shadows  to  their  sombreness  j 
the  placid  stream  above  gently  gliding  to  the  rapids  below ; 
and  the  numerous  fields  and  farm-houses,  add  much  to  the 
general  romantic  character  of  the  place. 

Lines  of  stages  run  daily  from  the  village  to  Trenton  Falls 
and  other  places  N.  and  S. 

About  half  a  mile  from  the  village  the  road  curves  to  the 
left,  presenting  a  view  of  the  falls  tumbling  with  violence 
over  a  rocky  descent  of  about  80  rods;  and  continues  along 
the  bink  of  the  river  in  full  view  of  the  rich  alluvial  vale 
called  the  Herkimer  and  German  flats.  This  cultivated 
region  suffered  severely  from  incursions  during  the  French 
and  revolutionary  wars.  West  Canada  creek,  on  which  are 
the  Trenton  falls,  is  passed  near  its  mouth  by  a  well  con- 
structed bridge,  about  a  mile  E.  of  tj 

Herkimer  6  m.  built  mostly  on  two  parallel  streets,  and 
contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  banking  house,  two  churches,  6 
hotels  and  taverns,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

Mohawk  and  Frankfort,  are  small  thriving  places  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  river,  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  canal. 


UTICA. 


^Svi-' 


Utica,  15  m.  and  94  W.  of  Albany,  one  of  the  finest  places 
in  the  state  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  inclined  plane  rising 
from  the  S.  bank  of  the  river,  so  as  to  command  from  its  ele- 
vated parts,  many  fine  prospects.  The  numerous  streets  are 
regularly  laid  out,  of  good  width,  and  neatly  paved.  It  is 
well  built,  extensively  with  brick,  and  has  many  large  stores 
and  elegant  dwellings. 

There  are  numerous  literary,  benevolent,  and  religious  in- 
stitutions; amongst  which  are  18  churches,  the  Utica  library, 


110 


TO    BUFFALO,  NIAGARA,   ETC. 


a  Mechanics'  Association  which  sustains  popular  lectures 
and  has  a  library  and  reading  room  open  for  strangers,  an 
Apprentices'  library,  a  museum  located  in  the  Exchange 
building,  two  Orphan  Asylums,  a  state  lunatic  asylum,  seve- 
ral academies,  and  others.  It  also  contains  a  courthouse, 
offices  for  the  clerks  of  the  courts,  an  Exchange,  4  banks,  a 
savings  bank,  an  insurance  company,  a  public  garden,  &c. 
The  New  York  state  lunatic  asylum,  situated  on  elevated 
ground,  about  a  mile  W.  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  de- 
signed to  have  four  buildings  one  of  which  is  completed,  and 
capable  of  accommodating  200  patients;  a  farm  of  160  acres 
is  attached.    •       v^'    iv   ;<  .     .      ;  ^^  :   >   *^;r     ^^ 

The  Erie  canal  passes  through  the  city,  and  is  here  70  ft. 
wide  and  7  ft.  deep,  passed  by  a  number  of  lofty  and  hand- 
some bridges,  and  adds  much  to  its  business  facilities.  Che- 
nango canal  extending  to  Binghampton,  enters  the  canal  here. 
The  country  around  Utica  is  fertile,  populous,  and  rich,  and 
it  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade. 

Hotels ;  Bagg's  or  Bleecker  House,  Franklin  House,  Ame- 
rican Hotel,  and  National  Temperance  House,  all  on  Genesee 
St.  the  principal  street  in  the  city.  ■'     -  ' 

The  city  is  situated  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Schuyler,  where 
a  garrison  was  kept  previous  to  the  revolution.  In  1798,  a 
village  charter  was  granted,  and  in  1832,  incorporated  into 
a  city  J  it  is  divided  into  4  wards,  governed  by  a  common 
council,  consisting  of  a  mayor  and  12  aldermen.  Pop.  12,782. 

Daily  lines  of  stages  leave  Utica  for  Denmark^  62  m.  N. 
Watertown  81  m.  SackeWs  Harbour  93  m.  and  Ogdenshurg 
126  m.;  for  Binghampton  92  m.  connecting  with  stages  to 
Owego  and  Montrose,  Penn'a. ;  for  Hamilton,  connecting  with 
a  canal  packet  boat  for  Binghampton ;  for  Cooperstown  44  m.  j 
for  New  Berlin,  connecting  with  a  stage  to  Mt.  Pleasant, 
Penn'a ;  and  for  Augusta,  via  Clmton.  Triweekly  stages  run 
to  Ithaca,  93  m.  ,. 


TRENTON    FALLS. 


HI 


The  tourist  if  he  can  spare  the  time  should  linger  for  a 
day  or  two  and  visit  the  Trenton  Falls  16  m.  N.  E.of 
Utica,  on  the  W.  Canada  creek,  in  the  town  of  Trenton. 
Stages  which  leave  daily  for  Denmark,  pass  through  Tren- 
ton, or  private  conveyances  can  readily  be  had.    The  creek 
rises  in  the  summit  of  the  highlands  of  Black  river,  and  has 
a  tortuous  course  of  6  or  7  miles  over  a  bridge  of  limestone, 
2  m.  and  a  half  of  which  are  above  the  falls.    Within  the 
distance  of  2  m.  there  are  6  cascades  and  rapids,  having 
an  aggregate  fall  of  312  ft.    Soon  after  reaching  the  lime- 
stone the  motion  of  the  waters  is  accelerated  until  they  reach 
the  Upper  Falls,  where  it  has  an  abrupt  descent  of  20  ft.  into 
a  spacious  basin.    The  whole  descent  to  the  head  of  this 
fall  in  the  last  two  miles  is  about  60  ft.    Here  the  deep  and 
winding  ravine  commences  j  having  an  estimated  average 
depth  of  100  ft.  and  an  average  breadth  of  200  ft.  with 
shelving  and  perpendicular  sides.    Below  the  Upper  Falls 
the  river  then  dashes  along  its  rocky  bed  about  a  mile 
with  a  descent  of  20  ft.  more,  to  the  second  falls,  called  the 
Cascades,  consisting  of  two  pitches,  with  intervening  rapids, 
having  a  fall  of  18  ft.    The  third  fall  and  second  within 
the  ravine,  is  called  the  Mill-dam,  having  a  smooth  and 
regular  fall  of  20  ft.     The  High  Falls,  a  short  distance 
beyond  have  3  distinct  cataracts  with  a  perpendicular  fall 
of  100  ft.    The  chasm  here  becomes  very  deep  and  with 
the  rocky  cliffs  and  wooded  banks,  presents  a  wild  and 
grand  sight.    The  fifth,  or  Sherman's  Falls  have  a  descent 
of  37  ft.,  from  the  foot  of  which  the  stream  less  rapidly  de- 
scends to  the  sixth  or  Conrad's  Falls  of  6  ft.,  below  which  in 
half  a  mile  the  descent  is  about  15  ft.  thus  making  the  entire 
descent  in  5  m.  to  be  387  feet. 

The  falls  at  different  times  present  varied  appearances  oc- 
casioned by  the  elevation  or  depression  of  the  stream.  In 
floods,  the  whole  is  one  tremendous  rapid,  with  four  cataracts 


> 


i 


r: 


TO   BUFFALO,   NIAGARA,   ETC. 

and  several  chutes.  A  fine  hotel  is  kept  near  the  falls,  which 
are  so  secluded  and  deeply  embosomed  in  the  forest,  that 
no  token  of  the  long  and  deep  gorge,  through  which  the 
waters  rush,  is  visible  until  you  are  on  its  very  brink.  A 
pathway  leads  to  the  stairway  which  descends  to  the  bottom 
of  the  ravine,  along,  the  strand  of  which  you  proceed  up  the 
stream,  and  then  by  a  narrow  winding  footpath  to  Sherman's 
Fall.  From  thence  you  advance  to  the  High  Falls,  from  the 
head  of  which  to  the  upper  end  of  the  race  way  above  the 
Cascades,  the  way  is  easy  when  the  stream  is  low,  but  from 
thence  upwardly  it  is  more  difficult  and  dangerous,  the  path 
being  on  the  immediate  verge  of  the  rushing  waters.  It  is 
now  protected  by  chains  supported  by  iron  standards  let  into 
the  solid  rock ;  before  these  were  placed  here,  two  interest- 
ing females  were  lost  in  the  flood. 

Leaving  Utica  and  pursuing  our  route  westward,  we  reach 

Whitesborough  3  m.  a  pleasant  village  containing  about 

1800  inhabitants,  3  churches,  a  courthouse,  a  manual  labor 

school,  &c.    The  village  is  surrounded  by  rich  and  fertile 

lands  and  settled  by  an  industrious  and  intelligent  people. 

Oriskany,  4  m.  a  flourishing  manufacturing  town  on  the 
Oriskany  creek,  contains  about  1200  inhabitants,  2  churches, 
and  200  dwellings.  The  Oriskany  manufacturing  company 
have  one  of  the  most  extensive  woollen  factories  in  the  state. 
.  A  short  distance  beyond  Oriskany  is  the  place  where  a 
bloody  battle  was  fought  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
in  which  Gen.  Herkimer  received  his  mortal  wound.  Gen. 
Burgoyne  in  1777,  having  sent  about  1500  troops  and  Indians 
from  Montreal  to  besiege  Fort  Stanwix,  Gen.  Herkimer  with 
800  men  was  sent  to  its  relief.  His  party  was  surprised  by 
the  British  forces  under  Gen.  St.  Leger,  in  a  narrow  ravine, 
and  were  entirely  surrounded.  Some  of  the  militia  fled  at 
the  first  fire,  but  Herkimer  with  the  remnant  of  his  force 


ft 


ROME — MAN  LIU  S. 


113 


gallantly  maintained  the  fight  for  six  hours.  The  General 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  early  part  of  the  battle  but 
kept  the  field  to  the  last.  One  half  of  the  Americans  were 
either  killed  or  wounded.  The  fort  was  subsequently  as- 
saulted by  Leger's  army,  but  they  were  driven  off  by  a 
sortie  and  their  camp  plundered.  Afterwards  the  fort  was 
summoned  to  surrender,  but  Gen.  Arnold  adopting  the  stra- 
tagem of  sending  two  emissaries  from  the  camp  at  Saratoga, 
to  inform  St.  Leger  of  the  approach  of  a  powerful  American 
army  for  the  relief  of  the  besieged,  he  ordered  a  precipitate 
retreat  to  the  Oneida  lake,  leaving  all  his  baggage  behind. 
The  remains  of  the  fort  are  still  visible  near. 

Rome  7  m.  farther.  The  village  is  on  the  line  of  the  Erie 
canal  between  Mohawk  r.  and  Wood  creek,  and  is  hand- 
somely laid  out  with  broad  streets  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  has  two  public  squares.  It  contains  besides 
the  courthouse  and  county  offices,  an  U.  States  arsenal,  ma- 
gazine, and  workshops,  a  bank,  six  churches,  and  about 
2500  inhabitants.  Wood  creek  flows  into  Oneida  Lake  and 
is  connected  with  the  Mohawk  by  a  canal  2  m.  long,  which 
with  the  Black  river  canal  act  as  feeders  to  the  Erie  canal. 

Verona  Centre  9  m.  Oneida  Depot  4,  Wampsville  3,  and 
Canastota  3,  are  small  villages  next  on  the  route. 

Chittenaiigo  6  m.  is  1  m.  S.  of  the  Erie  canal  and  connected 
with  it  by  a  side-cut.  It  contains  3  churches,  several  large 
factories  of  water  lime,  about  1000  inhabitants,  and  one  mile 
S.  of  the  village  a  sulphur  spring. 

At  Cazenovia,  10  m.  S.  of  the  Erie  canal  is  the  Oneida 
Seminary,  a  theological  institution  of  the  Methodists.  The 
town  is  built  on  Cazenovia  Lake,  and  contains  4  churches, 
and  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Manlius,  4  m.  is  a  thriving  village  S.  of  the  Erie  canal,  be- 
fore reaching  *  •  < 


8 


k2 


,m 


TO    BUFFALO,   NIAGARA,   ETC 
'  SYRACUSE.      ;'        ' 


^-:b  «' 


% 


10  m.,  the  capital  of  Onondaga  Co.  It  is  53  m.  W.  of 
Utica  and  147  W.  of  Albany,  situated  on  the  Erie  canal  at 
the  junction  of  the  Oswego  canal,  a  mile  and  a  half  S.  of 
Onondaga  lake.  It  is  situate  in  the  very  heart  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  is  the  central  town  of  the  Empire  State,  and 
presents  a  truly  imposing  appearance.  Its  ranges  of  stores, 
its  splendid  hotels,  and  its  princely  mansions,  equal  perhaps 
those  of  any  town  of  the  same  age  and  size  in  the  United 
States.  Its  foundation  dates  back  only  about  twenty -three 
or  four  years,  and  it  has  a  population  of  about  eleven  thou- 
sand, and  has  been  raised  to  its  present  importance  by  the 
canals,  and  Salt  Springs  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  the  centre  of 
an  extensive  district,  abounding  in  agricultural  and  mineral 
wealth.  In  its  neighbourhood  are  inexhaustible  quarries  of 
gypsum,  water  lime,  and  the  finest  building  stone  in  the 
world.  It  contains  the  usual  county  buildings,  2  banks,  8 
churches,  and  10  taverns.  The  village  and  township  are 
celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  salt,  made  from  brine 
springs  in  Geddes,  Liverpool,  Salina,  and  other  places  in  the 
vicinity.  Fine  salt  is  made  by  evaporation  by  heat ;  and 
coarse  salt  by  solar  evaporation.  The  salt  works  are  an  im- 
portant source  of  revenue  to  the  State,  which  receives  six 
cents  on  every  bushel  made ;  there  are  made  annually  about 
4,000,000  bushels.  ^«  *     t 

Hotels;  American  Temperance  House;  Farmer's  Ex- 
change, Franklin  House,  Mansion  House,  and  Syracuse 
House,  the  latter  best.  Capt.  Miller  has  recently  opened  a 
splendid  house  4  stories  high,  surmounted  by  a  dome,  from 
which  landscape  views  of  great  beauty  are  spread  before  the 
eye  in  all  directions.  It  stands  on  the  corner  of  the  public 
square  near  the  canal  and  railroad,  and  contains  140  rooms. 


■*■■ 


:■   1/ 


^ 


ROUTES  FROM  SYRACUSE. 


115 


At  Salina,  li  m.  N.  of  Syracuse,  is  the  principal  spring, 
affording  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water  yielding  to  every 
40  gallons  about  a  bushel  of  pure  salt.  The  water  is  forced 
by  hydraulic  engines,  at  the  rate  of  300  gallons  per  minute 
into  a  large  reservoir,  from  whence  it  is  conducted  by  wooden 
pipes  to  the  various  works  at  Syracuse  and  the  vicinity. 

The  Oswego  Canal  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego  is  38  m.  long 
including  20  m.  of  the  Oswego  river,  and  connects  the  Erie 
canal  with  Lake  Ontario.  •        v.  {  ..•. 

Stages  run  to  Ogdenshurg  via  Salina  2  m.  Cicero  10, 
Brewerton  14,  Central  Square  18,  Hastings  24,  Union  Square 
30,  Richland  38,  Sandy  creek  44,  Mannsville  49,  Adams  56, 
Appling  63,  Watertown  70,  (branch  line  thence  to  Cape  Vin- 
cent 26  m.)  Evans'  Mills  79,  Philadelphia  86,  Antwerp  92, 
Oxbow  99,  Rossie  106,  Hammond  112,  Morristown  122,  Og- 
denshurg 133.  From  Ogdensburg  a  line  continues  across  to 
Plaitsburg  on  Lake  Cliamplain,  via  Waddington  18,  Madrid  27, 
Norfolk  35,  Massena  46,  Hogansburg  60,  Fort  Covington  68, 
Constable  80,  Chateaugay  92,  Ellenburg  105,  Plattsburgh  132. 

To  Ithaca,  via  Condiff  12,  TuUey  19,  Homer  30,  Cortland  33, 
Ithaca  55. 

To  Skaneateles,  via  Geddes  2,  Camillus  8,  Elbridge  16, 
Skaneateles  22.  ,     -,        ■»  .    , 

Progressing  W.  the  route  is  continued  by  R.  R.  to  Rochester 
104  m.,  or  travellers  can  take  the  canal  packet  to  Oswego, 
thence  by  steamboat  to  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  r.  104  m. ; 
or  by  the  Erie  canal  from  Syracuse,  via  Jordan,  Weedsport, 
Pt.  Byron,  Montezuma,  Clyde,  Lyons,  Palmyra,  Fairport, 
Pittsford,  and  Brighton,  to  Rochester  99  m. 

If  the  traveller  designs  visiting  Montreal  and  Quebec,  of 
the  above  routes  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  the  R.  R.  route 
is  preferable  as  he  can  enjoy  its  scenery,  and  that  of  Lake 
Ontario  also  when  visiting  Canada.  Route  continued  on  p.  1 17. 


■.j..ii^feA:  ■. 


-^, 


116 


TO    BUFFALO,  NIAGARA,    ETC. 


Travellers  taking  the  canal  route  from  Syracuse  to  Oawego, 
38  m.  usual  time  7  h.  Fare  1.50,  can  take  the  steamboat  on 
Lake  Ontario  to  Niagara  Falls ;  fare  through  from  Syracuse, 
including  meals,  4.50 ;  stopping  at  Rochester  and  Toronto, 
and  arrive  at  Lewiston  at  10  A.  M.  in  time  for  the  cars  for 
Niagara  Falls  and  Buffalo.  By  this  route  travellers  can  view 
by:  daylight  Queenston  Heights,  and  Brock's  Monument ;  the 
beautiful  scenery  of  the  Niagara,  and  the  British  and  Ame- 
rican forts  at  its  mouth.  The  steamboats  are  of  the  first 
class,  fitted  up  in  superior  style  for  comfort  and  convenience. 


-    I 


OSWEGO,  '  .  .  i 

i 

Is  well  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  r.  at  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario,  which  is  here  60  m.  wide.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1828,  and  is  regularly  laid  out  with  broad 
streets  crossing  at  right  angles,  and  is  well  built.  The  two 
parts  of  the  village  are  connected  by  a  bridge  700  ft.  long. 
It  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  7  churches,  2  banks,  and  about 
6000  inhabitants.  The  harbour,  next  to  that  of  Sackett's-Har- 
bour  is  the  best  on  the  S.  side  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  formed 
by  a  pier  or  mole  filled  with  stone,  1259  ft.  long  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  harbour,  and  200  ft.  on  the  E.  side,  with  an  en- 
trance between  them.  On  the  end  of  the  W.  pier  there  is  a 
light,  and  a  lighthouse  on  the  hill  on  the  E.  side.  On  the 
promontory  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  is  Fort  Ontario,  which 
occupies  nearly  the  site  of  an  old  fort  famous  in  the  French 
and  revolutionary  wars.  The  town  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British  during  the  late  war,  but  they  were  driven  from  it  in 
12  hours,  with  loss.  "   '  '      ■■-'  *  >  't 

Oswego  owes  much  of  its  importance  to  its  mills  and  ma- 
nufactories for  which  it  possesses  great  advantages,  and  to 
its  extensive  commerci^'  ntercourse,  by  means  of  the  lake, 
which  it  has  with  die  Canadas  and  the  west.  There  is  nearly 
a  mile  of  wharves  and  dockage  in  the  harbour,  and  many 


O  S  W  E  G  0 — A  U  B  U  R  N. 


extensive  warehouses  and  forwarding  establishments.  The 
tonnage  of  the  port  is  very  great,  and  daily  lines  of  steam- 
boats run  to  SackeWs  Harbour,  Kingston,  and  Ogdensburgh,  on 
the  N. ;  and  Rochester,  Toronto,  and  Lewiston,  on  the  W. 
Stages  during  the  winter  run  to  the  above  ports  and  other 
places. 

Hotels;  Oswego  House,  on  the  E.  side,  and  the  U.  States 
Hotel,  and  the  Welland  House,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river; 
all  excellent. 

Leaving  Syracuse  by  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse  R.  R.  we 
pass  through  Geddes  2  m.  Camillus  6,  Elbridge  8,  and  Sennet 
4  m.  The  route  is  formed  by  excavations  and  heavy  em- 
bankments, and.  near  Elbridge  passes  around  the  side  of  a 
mountain  of  gypsum,  50  or  60  ft.  above  its  base. 


"^:  .         AUBURN, 

26  m.  from  Syracuse,  173  W.  of  Albany,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  flourishing  villages  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the 
outlet  of  Owasco  lake,  which  furnishes  a  noble  water  power. 
It  is  not  very  regularly  laid  out,  but  the  streets  are  spacious, 
and  many  of  the  buildings  are  large  and  elegant,  constructed 
of  blue  limestone,  which  abounds  in  the  vicinity.  It  con- 
tains the  county  buildings,  2  banks,  7  churches,  and  5,626 
inhabitants. 

The  State  Prison,  a  model  of  the  kind,  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Owasco  outlet,  was  founded  in  1816,  and  cost  over 
$500,000.  The  buildings  form  three  sides  of  a  hollow  square, 
the  front  of  which  is  276  ft.  long,  and  wings  extending  W. 
242  ft.  long  and  45  ft.  wide.  The  N.  whig  is  divided  into 
solitary  cells  and  a  hospital,  and  the  S.  wing  into  cells.  Be- 
tween the  two,  the  yard  is  laid  out  with  grass  plats  and  gra- 
vel walks ;  to  the  W.  of  this  is  the  yard  for  the  workshops, 
part  of  the  machinery  of  which  is  turned  by  water  power  of 


'Htt* 


118 


TO   BUFFALO,  NIAGARA,   ETC. 


the  Gwasco  outlet.  The  whole  Ib  surrounded  by  a  wall 
500  feet  on  a  side.  There  are  770  separate  cells,  a  chapel, 
and  other  rooms.  The  prisoners  labour  in  silence  and  are 
confined  in  solitary  cells.  .  tir.r>     '.o  'i  ^  ' 

The  Theological  Seminary,  under  the  direction  of  the  Pres- 
byterians  is  a  fiourishing  and  highly  useful  institution.  It 
was  founded  in  1821,  has  4  professors,  and  a  hbrary  of  5000 
vols.  It  occupies  a  large  stone  edifice,  160  ft.  long  and  4  sto- 
ries high. 

Hotels;  American  Hotel,  Auburn  House,  and  Western 
Exchange.  ' 

Stages  connecting  with  other  lines  run  to  Ithaea  39  m.  and 
Cortland  on  the  S.  and  Oswego  41  m.  on  the  N.  \ 

Owasco  Lake,  on  the  outlet  of  which  Auburn  is  situated, 
abounds  with  excellent  fish,  and  is  surrounded  by  rugged  and 
picturesque  scenery;  it  is  12  m.  long  and  1  wide. 

Cayuga  10  m.  is  a  small  village,  containing  about  300  in- 
habitants, situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Cayuga  Lake,  which 
is  crossed  by  two  bridges  over  one  of  which  the  lailroad 
passes.    Route  continued  on  p.  120. 

'  ■       '■''•-  A  TOUR  OF  THE  LAKES. 

To  those  who  can  spare  two  or  three  days,  a  Tour  of  the 
Lakes  of  New  York,  affords  beautiful  views  of  rich  scenery. 
From  the  village  the  steamboat  is  taken  to  Ithaca  at  the  head 
of  Cayuga  lake,  36  m.  The  lake  is  40  m.  in  length  and  from 
1  to  3i  m.  in  breadth  j  it  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  bor- 
dered by  highly  cultivated  farms  and  thriving  villages,  and 
abounding  with  fish  of  an  excellent  quality.  The  steamboat 
stops  at  various  landings  on  the  shores,  and  when  within 
9  m.  of  Ithaca,  its  suburbs  become  visible,  crowning  the  emi- 
nence in  the  rear  of  the  village. 

Ithaca,  a  beautiful  and  thriving  village  is  on  Cayuga  inlet 


TOUR  OF    THE    N.YORK   LAKES. 


110 


and 


I 


> ' 


U  m.  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  It  is  handsomely  situa- 
ted partly  in  a  valley  and  the  remainder  on  the  hills,  from 
whence  a  commanding  view  of  the  lake,  the  valley  of  the 
inlet,  and  scenery  of  the  most  attractive  character  is  to  be 
obtained.  The  hills  rise  on  three  sides  with  a  gentle  ascent 
to  the  height  of  500  ft.  The  streets  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles  and  the  neat  and  tasteful  buildings,  add  to  the 
beauty  of  the  town.  It  contains  the  county  buildings  of 
Tomkins  co.,  6  churches,  2  banks,  700  dwellings,  about  4500 
inhabitants,  and  various  manufactories.  It  has  great  water 
power  for  manufacturing  purposes,  being  watered  by  Fall, 
Cascadilla,  and  Six  Mile  creeks,  besides  the  inlet,  all  of  which 
have  falls.  It  has  also  extensive  commercial  facilities,  be- 
ing connected  with  New  York  by  the  Seneca  and  Erie  canals, 
and  with  Owego  on  the  Susquehannah,  by  a  railroad  which 
transports  salt,  lime,  plaster,  flour,  &c.  in  exchange  for  the 
coal  and  iron  of  Pennsylvania  j  when  the  N.  York  and  Erie 
R.  R.  is  completed  it  will  add  further  advantages  by  furnish- 
ing an  avenue  for  the  winter  trade  with  the  sea  board.  Lines 
of  stages  also  connect  Ithaca  with  the  various  towns  in  the 
neighbourhood.  • 

The  tourist  will  be  delighted  with  the  picturesque  and 
beautiful  scenery  around  the  village.  On  all  the  streams  are 
cascades  of  picturesque  and  sublime  beauty.  On  Fall  creek 
are  three  successive  falls  with  a  descent  of  438  ft.  in  the 
course  of  a  mile.  The  lower  fall  150  ft.  in  height  and  of  the 
same  breadth  is  peculiarly  grand.  Above  this  the  water  is 
^  jllected  in  a  dam,  from  whence  it  is  conveyed  to  the  mills 
below  by  a  tunnel  9  ft.  square  and  300  ft.  long,  cut  through 
the  solid  rock.  Beyond  this  the  rocky  banks  rise  on  each 
side  to  100  ft.  in  height,  and  the  scenery  becomes  more  wild 
and  rugged.  The  second  fall  70  ft.  in  height  is  extremely 
picturesque,  and  falls  into  a  beautiful  basin.  The  other  falls 
above  are  also  worth  visiting. 


m 


120 


TO    BUFFALO,   PTIAOARA,    ETC. 


On  Six  Mile,  CascadilJa,  and  Buttermilk  creeks,  and 
on  Five  Mile  creek,  4  m.  S.  from  Ithaca,  are  also  beautiful 
and  romantic  cataracts.  On  the  Taghcanic  creek  near  Good- 
win's point,  is  a  grand  fall  200  ft.  in  height,  with  banks 
360  ft.  high. 

The  principal  Hotel  at  Ithaca,  is  the  Clinton,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  splendid  in  the  state.  It  contains  150  rooms 
and  has  several  porticoes  with  Ionic  pillars. 

To  Owego  by  R.  R.  the  route  abounds  in  varied  beauties 
of  simple  and  grand  sc  I'nery. 

Continuing  the  tour  of  the  lakes  we  take  the  stage  to  Jef- 
ferson ville  at  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake,  thence  by  steamboat 
to  Geneva  40  m.  This  lake  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
these  inland  seas,  is  40  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  4  wide,  is  very 
deep,  and  never  entirely  frozen  over.  The  shores  at  the  head 
of  the  lake  are  wild  and  rugged,  becoming  more  cultivated 
and  interesting  nearer  its  outlet.  Fish  are  not  found  in  such 
quantities  as  in  the  other  lakes,  probably  on  account  of  its 
depth  and  coldness  of  its  waters.  Seneca  lake  is  connected 
with  Crooked  lake  by  a  canal  6  m.  in  length.  Big  Stream 
point,  Starkie^s  "point,  Rapelyea's  Ferry,  and  Long  point  are 
successively  passed ;  on  the  latter  is  a  remarkable  tree  re- 
sembling an  elephant  in  shape.  Dresden  is  a  thriving  vil- 
lage on  the  W.  shore,  opposite  to  which  is  Ovid,  18  m.  from 
Geneva.  On  approaching  Geneva  it  presents  a  pleasant  ap- 
pearance, with  its  college,  neat,  stores,  handsome  gardens, 
and  spires  of  the  churches. 

Seneca  Falls  5  m.  W.  of  Cajruga,  and  15  W.  of  Auburn, 
is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  outlet  of  Seneca  lake,  which 
has  here  a  fall  of  47  ft.  over  four  dams.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1831,  and  contains  5  churches,  numerous  stores  and  fac- 
tories, and  about  3000  inhabitants.  In  addition  to  the  R.  R. 
the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal  passes  through  the  village  and 
connects  with  the  Erie  canal  at  Montezuma. 


# 


W  A  T  E  R  L  O  0 O  E  N  E  V  A. 


121 


Waterloo  4  m.  in  a  handsome  village,  and  similarly  situ- 
ated.  It  contains  4  churches,  8  taverns,  1  bank,  an  exten< 
sive  wooUea  fuotory  and  about  2500  inhabitants. 


>  GENEVA,  •  V 

7  m.  and  199  W.  of  Albany,  is  beautifully  situated  at 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  Seneca  lake.  On  the  plain  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake  is  the  principal  business  part  of  the  vil< 
lage,  above  which  the  plain  gradually  rises  until  it  attains 
a  commanding  elevation  of  120  ft.  occupied  chiefly  by  pri- 
vate residences.  On  the  side  next  to  the  lake,  the  dwell- 
ings have  ornamented  terraced  gardens  extending  down 
the  elevated  bank,  aflbrding  a  beautiful  view  of  the  lake  and 
country.  The  village  was  incorporated  in  1812,  has  seven- 
teen streets  and  an  enclosed  public  square,  and  containy 

2  banks,  9  churches,  600  dwellings,  and  about  4000  inhabit- 
ants. The  new  Episcopal  church  is  a  beautiful  edifice.  The 
Geneva  College,  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians,  is 
a  flourishing  institution,  and  has  a  president  and  7  professors, 
a  library  of  5400  vols.,  a  valuable  philosophical  and  other  appa- 
ratus. The  college  buildings  are  well  situated  on  the  margia 
of  the  lake,  on  an  eminence  in  the  S.  part  of  the  village. 

Hotels;  Geneva  Hotel;  Franklin,  Railroad,  and  Tempe- 
rance Houses.    The  accommodations  are  very  good. 

Two  steamboats  ply  daily  to  Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  the 
lake ;  connecting  with  stages  to  ElmirOj  Ithaca,  and  Corning ; 
and  at  the  latter  place  by  R.  R.  with  Blossburg  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, from  whence  large  quantities  of  coal  are  shipped  and 
sent  by  the  Erie  canal  to  market. 

Oak^s  Corners  5  m.,  E.  and  W.  Vienna  4m.,  Clifton  Springs 

3  m.,  Short^s  Mills  5  m.,  and  Chapinsville  3  m.  are  small  set- 
tlements on  the  route,  which  is  now  through  one  of  the  finest 
sections  of  the  state,  well  watered  and  beautifully  diversified. 


-?)*>•"•" 


122 


ALBANY    TO    BUFFALO. 


CANANDAlGUA, 


3  m.  and  222  W.  of  Albany,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
towns  and  delightful  places  of  residence  in  this  rich  portion 
of  the  state,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain  of  gentle  ascent 
at  N.  end  of  Canandaigua  lake  at  its  outlet.  The  village  is 
handsomely  and  in  many  parts  elegantly  built,  chiefly  on 
two  parallel  streets  running  N.  and  S.  and  crossed  by  others 
at  right  angles,  decorated  with  trees.  At  the  centre  is  an 
open  square  on  which  stands  the  courthouse,  and  other  pub- 
lic buildings.  It  contains  a  town-hall,  5  churches,  the  county 
buildings,  2  banks,  2  excellent  seminaries,  and  2790  inhabit- 
ants. In  the  vicinity  are  a  number  of  delightful  villas,  with 
ornamented  grounds,  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  fertile  dis- 
trict, which  combined  with  the  view  of  the  lake,  presents  a 
beautifully  varied  scene  well  deserving  its  expressive  Indian 
name  of  Canandaigua,  signifying  "a  chosen  place." 

Canandaigua  Lake,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  15  m. 
long,  and  from  1  to  li  m.  wide,  lying  mostly  in  the  culti- 
vated county  of  Ontario,  and  presenting  on  its  shores  much 
delightful  scenery.  Its  waters  are  deep  and  clear,  and  con- 
tain excellent  fish.  Its  outlet  flows  N.  E.  into  Flint  creek, 
and  Anally  with  those  of  the  neighboring  lakes  are  discharged 
through  Oswego  river  into  Lake  Ontario.  ' 

Hotels ;  Blossom's  Hotel,  and  Eagle  Tavern. 

Victor  9  m.  Pittsford  12,  Brighton  4,  are  small  towns  on 
the  line  of  the  Erie  canal  near  its  intersection  with  the  rail- 
road, before  reaching 


l.f 


.      ROCHESTER, 

4  m.,  251  from  Albany,  and  74  E.  of  Buffalo.    The  city  is 
the  capital  of  Monroe  co.  and  advantageously  situated  on 


#" 


i  \ 


-tiSLi. 


ROCHESTER. 


123 


both  sides  of  the  Genesee  river  7  m.  from  Its  mouth.  It  was 
laid  out  as  a  village  ia  1812,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1834;  it  has  increased  rapidly  having  more  than  doubled  its 
population  every  ten  years;  it  now  contains  20,191  inhabit- 
ants. It  is  handsomely  and  in  some  portions,  regularly  laid 
out,  with  spacious  and  well  paved  streets.  The  houses  are 
well  built,  chiefly  of  brick,  many  of  them  elegant,  and  or- 
namented with  beautiful  gardens.  There  are  several  neat 
public  squares.  The  parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by 
three  bridges ;  the  Erie  canal  also  crosses  the  river,  by  a 
splendid  aqueduct  in  the  middle  of  the  city.  Some  of  the 
churches  and  public  buildings  are  quite  handsome.  The 
city  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  2  market-houses,  6  banks, 
23  churches,  a  museum,  a  collegiate  institute,  2  orphan  asy- 
lums, a  mechanics'  and  a  young  men's  associations,  an  athe- 
neum,  2  arcade  buildings,  and  an  apprentices'  library.  The 
Arcade  is  100  ft.  front,  135  ft.  deep,  and  4  stories  high ;  it 
contains  the  Post  office,  Atheneum,  &c.  In  the  centre  is  an 
observatory  from  whence  a  fine  view  of  the  country  is  to  be 
had. 

Rochester  owes  its  extraordinary  increase  to  its  great  water 
power  on  the  Genesee,  its  connection  with  the  Erie  canal, 
its  connection  with  Lake  Ontario  by  a  beatable  communica- 
tion, and  other. natural  advantages.  The  Genesee  in  itspas> 
sage  through  the  city  has  three  perpendicular  falls  besides 
rapids,  which  amount  to  268  ft.  Numerous  flour  mills  are 
worked  by  this  water  power,  which  for  extent  and  excel- 
lence of  machinery  are  not  surpassed  in  the  world.  These 
iqills  are  capable  of  making  5,000  barrels  of  flour  per  day, 
consuming  when  under  full  headway,  25.000  bushels  of 
wheat  per  day ;  and  it  is  estimated  that  besides  the  capital 
employed  in  their  construction,  it  requires  $2,000,000  an- 
nually to  keep  them  in  operation,  and  that  they  produce  an- 
nually to  the  amount  of  $3,500,000.    Vessels  come  up  the 


124 


ALBANY    TO    BUFFALO. 


i    r 


Genesee  river  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Carthage,  2i  m.  below 
the  centre  of  the  city,  where  steamboats  arrive  and  depart 
daily,  and  to  which  there  is  a  railroad  from  the  city.  The 
river  is  beatable  above  for  45  m.,  to  Mount  Morris.  The 
Genesee  valley  canal  when  completed,  will  connect  it  with 
Olean,  on  the  Alleghany,  and  thence  with  Pittsburg.  The 
Erie  canal  and  line  of  railroads  from  Boston  to  Buffalo  con- 
nect it  with  the  E.  and  W.  These  important  artificial  ad- 
vantages combined  with  its  great  water  power  and  the  fer- 
tile district  by  ".vhich  it  is  surrounded,  will  continue  to  add 
to  its  rapid  growth  and  prosperity;  and  by  manufacturing 
the  surplus  supply  of  wheat  in  the  western  states,  add  to 
theirs  also.  > 

The  city  is  divided  into^five  wards,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor,  recorder,  marshal,  and  10  aldermen,  who  constitute 
the  common  council. 

Hotels;  the  American.  Clinton,  Eagle,  Exchange,  North 
American,  and  U.  States,  Hotels ;  and  the  Mansion,  Morton, 
and  Rochester,  Houses.      '  '  iil^T*  ..  ^  «?..    ^i.^v-r    ;^'it^^: 

The  Avon  Springs,  20  m.  S.  in  the  Valley  of  the  Genesee^ 
are  much  resorted  to,  on  account  of  their  efficacy  in  various 
disorders,  as  indigestion,  rheumatism,  gout,  and  all  kinds  of 
obstructions  arid  cutaneous  affections.  The  village  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  a  terrace  elevated  100  ft.  above  the 
river,  on  the  right  bank,  commanding  an  extensive  view  of 
the  valley.  The  Springs  are  to  the  S.  W.  of  the  village ; 
where  are  also  three  excellent  bathing  establishments.  The 
best  Hotels  are  the  Knickerbocker  Hall,  and  Spring  Hotel, 
near  the  Springs ;  and  the  Eagle  Hotel,  and  Avon  Hotel^  Hi 
the  village. 

Stages  leave  Rochester  daily  to  Bath,  Steuben  co.  75  ra., 
via  Geneva  aiid  Dansville,  conriecting  with  stages  to  Corning 
and  Elmira.    Fare  $3.00. 


m  i  I 


1  V 


ROUTES    PROM    ROCHESTER. 


125 


Stages  tri-weekly  to  Oleauy  Cattaraugus  co.,  96  m.,  via 
Avon  20,  Geneseo  28,  Mt.  Morris  34,  Angelica  65,  and  Hins- 
dale 90.    Fare  $4.00.  .... 

To  Oswego  76  m.    Fare  S4.00. 

To  Moscow  37  m.  via  Caledonia  21,  and  York  30. 

The  Tourist  in  leaving  Rochester  for  Buffalo  and  Niagara 
Falls,  has  the  choice  of  several  routes. 

I.  By  Railroad,  74  m.  This  is  the  most  expeditious  and 
agreeable  route.       ...  ^  -.  *^  -*' 

II.  By  Daily  Stage  to  Lockport  58  ra.  via  Adams'  Basin  10, 
Brockport  15,  Holley  20,  Halburton  24,  Albion  30,  Know'es- 
ville  36,  Medina  40,  Middleport  46,  and  Reynold's  Basin,  49  j 
Fare  $2.50.  At  Lockport  take  the  R.  R.  to  Lewiston  76  m., 
Niagara  Falls  82,  Buffalo  104. 

III.  To  Lockport  by  Canal  62  m.  fare  $2.00,  via  Brockport 
20  m.,  Holley  25,  Albion  60,  Knowlesville  67,  Medina  71, 
Middleport  77,  Gasport  82.  From  Lockport  as  above.  This 
is  a  cheap  and  comfortable  route.  ^.v  .-.^^ 

IV.  By  Steamboat,  daily,  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
from  Carthage  to  Lewiston,  thence  by  R.  R.  as  above.  By 
this  route  you  have  a  fine  view  of  the  lake  and  its  scenery^ 
but  if  you  intend  visiting  Canada  on  your  return,  one  of  the 
other  routes  would  be  preferable  in  going.  ,^^     ^     ,. 

By  Railroad  the  route  extends  W.  through  the  villages  of 
Churchville  14  m.,  Bergen  18,  Byron  25,  to 

BcUavia  32  m.  the  capital  of  Genesee  co.  incorporated  in 
1823,  and  containing  the  county  offices,  a  state  arsenal,  2 
banks,  5  churches,  and  about  2000  inhabitants.  Stages  run 
from  here  S.  to  Wai'saw,  and  N.  to  Albion  and  Lockport. 

Alexander  AO,  Attica  43,  Dancn  49,  Alden  5i,  Lancaster  6i. 

1  2 


f 


126 


ALBANY    TO    BUFFALO. 


BUFFALO 


■-*,.«•-* 


■»'  J'ji 


Is  74  J  and  325  ra.  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  18,213. 

Hotels;  American  Hotel  on  Main  st.  j  Western  Hotel  on 
Pearl  st. ;  Mansion  House  on  Main  st.  near  the  depot;  and 
the  U.  States  Hotel,  are  all  excellent  houses,  of  the  first  class. 
There  are  also  The  Farmers',  and  Huff's  Hotel,  and  Pollard's 
Temperance  House.    '  '  ■*-,.:     .^  v   •,*'..  i   > 

The  city  of  Buffalo  is  situated  near  the  head  of  Niagara 
river,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  great 
chain  of  western  lakes.  Its  situation  at  the  W.  extremity  of 
the  Erie  canal  and  the  great  chain  of  railroads  from  Boston 
to  Buffalo,  and  at  the  E.  termination  of  the  navigation  of  the 
great  lakes,  Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan,  constitutes  it  the 
great  gate  of  the  East  and  the  West,  and  commands  an  ex- 
tensive business.  The  ground  on  which  it  is  built,  rises 
gradually  until  it  becomes  an  extended  and  elevated  plain, 
fifty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  furnishing  a  beautiful 
view  of  the  harbour,  the  lake,  Niagara  river,  the  Canada 
shore,  the  canal  with  its  branches,  and  the  town  itself.  The 
city  is  well  laid  out  with  broad  and  regular  streets,  mostly 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  well  paved  and 
lighted  ;  Main  st.  the  principal  one  is  120  ft.  broad  and  con- 
tains some  fine  buildings.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  with 
neatness  and  taste  in  the  modern  style.  There  are  three 
public  squares  handsomely  ornamented.  •' 

The  city  contains  a  courthouse  and  other  county  build- 
ings, surrounded  with  ornamented  grounds;  2  markets;  17 
churches,  some  of  them  handsome  specimens  of  architec- 
ture ;  2  banks,  an  insurance  company,  an  orphan  asylum,  a 
theatre;  and  a  Young  Men's  Literary  Association,  which 
has  a  library  of  3500  vols,  and  sustains  an  able  course  of  lite- 
rary and  scientific  lectures. 


i.l' 


BUFFALO, 


127 


The  harbour  formed  by  Buffalo  creek,  has  a  depth  of  12 
or  14  ft.  of  water,  and  is  protected  from  all  winds;  it  is  so 
spacious  that  several  hundred  steamboats  and  other  lake 
vessels  can  be  well  accommodated  in  it.  A  bar  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  harbour,  formerly  prevented  the  access  of  most 
vessels  from  the  lake  j  but  a  mole  and  pier  of  wood  and 
stone,  1500  ft.  long,  have  been  constructed  by  the  U.  S.  go- 
vernment and  the  citizens,  which  by  confining  the  chan- 
nel of  the  creek,  has  so  far  removed  the  bar,  as  to  freely 
admit  vesels  requiring  8  ft.  water.  The  lighthouse  at  the 
end  of  the  pier,  built  of  limestone,  is  20  ft.  in  aiameter  and 
46  ft.  high,  and  is  an  ornamental  and  useful  structure.  A 
ship  canal  700  yds.  long,  80  ft.  wide  and  30  ft.  deep,  extends 
from  the  creek  near  its  mouth,  into  the  place ;  and  the  Erie 
canal  is  to  be  extended  more  than  a  mile,  parallel  and  with 
lateral  cuts  to  the  harbour. 

The  commerce  of  Buffalo  extending  westward,  1200  m. 
through  the  chain  of  lakes  or  inland  seas,  employs  nearly  60 
steamboats,  many  of  them  spacious  and  with  elegant  conve- 
niences ;  and  300  schooners  and  other  lake  craft.  By  means 
of  the  Erie  canal  and  Hudson  river,  Buffalo  is  connected  with 
Albany  and  New  York ;  and  by  a  continuous  chain  of  rail- 
roads with  Albany  and  Boston,  by  land.  A  railroad  also 
connects  it  with  Black  Rock,  Niagara  Falls,  and  Lewiston.   ' 

Buffalo  is  divided  into  5  wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor 
and  common  council  elected  annually.  It  was  laid  out  in 
1801,  became  a  military  post  in  1812,  was  burned  by  the 
British  and  Indians  in  1813  for  which  the  U.  S.  government 
gave  the  inhabitants  $80,000  at  the  close  of  the  war,  was  in- 
corporated as  a  village  in  1822,  and  as  a  city  in  1832.  The 
commencement  of  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city  dates  from 
the  completion  of  the  Erie  canal,  which  was  finished  in  1825. 
It  has  an  uninterrupted  lake  navigation  of  1500  m.,  wuth  a 
coast  of  3000  m.    Its  great  natural  advantages,  its  connec- 


128 


ROUTES    FROM    BUFFALO. 


tion  with  the  northern  valley  of  the  MlssisBippi,  its  connec- 
tion with  various  places  by  railroads  and  canals,  must  always 
tend  to  still  further  increase  its  growth  and  prosperity. 

Poinsett  Barracks  an  extensive  cantonment  for  troops,  oc- 
cupy a  commanding  position  near  the  N.  limit  of  the  city. 
Several  companies  are  stationed  there,  who  parade  weekly 
for  manoeuvre  and  review.  *  - 

Excursions  are  frequently  made  to  the  Seneca  Indian  viU 
lage;  it  forms  a  pleasant  3  m.  ride;  it  is  also  a  delightful 
sail  to  the  ruins  of  Fort  Eriej  on  the  opposite  shore.     /  >  - 


1/ 


ROUTES  FROM  BUFFALO. 

TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  AND  VICINITY.      22  M. 


I.  By  R.  Road  via  Black  Rock  3  m.  Tonawanda  11,  anc} 
Schlosser  20.  Morning  and  afternoon  lines  from  depot  front- 
ing Western  Hotel. 

II.  By  steamboat  daily  to  Chippewa  20  m.  on  the  Canada 
side,  thence  by  R.  R.  2  m.  to  Falls;  or  by  S.  B.  to  Schlosser's 
Landing  opposite,  on  the  American  "side,  thence  by  stages  to 
the  Falls.    S.  B.  fare  37 i  cts. 

For  description  of  the  above  routes  and  of  the  Falls  see 
p.  143.  To  go  by  the  one  route  and  return  by  the -other  will 
render  the  trip  more  pleasant. 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTES. 


■I  _. 


To  Barcelona.    62  m.  by  daily  lines,  fare  $2.00.  **  si  ^  v 
To  Port  Stanley,  Canada,  twice  a  week.  ^'.       ■  {  n- 

To  Toledo  and  Perrysburg  319  m.    By  daily  line,  via  in- 
termediate places,  fare  $7.00. 

To  Detroit  372  m.    By  daily  line  via  intermediate  ports, 
fare  $7.00— see  p.  135. 
To  Chicago  1,047  m.    By  line  leaving  every  other  morn- 


K 


'  "TWTS "  "v^  r*'r;j'  ■' 


ROUTES  FROM  BUFFALO. 


129 


ing  during  the  season  of  navigation,  via  intermediate  places, 
fare  $12.00.    See  p.  130. 

To  Chicago  641  m.  By  steamboat  to  Detroit  as  above 
372  m.,  thence  by  R.  R.  to  Kalamazoo  145  m.  via  Dearborn 
10,  Wayne  18,  Ypsilante  30,  Ann  Arbor  40,  Dexter  50,  Syl- 
van 60,  Grass  Lake  70,  Jackson  80,  Barry  86,  Smithfield  93, 
Albion  99,  Marengo  106,  Marshall  111,  Battle  creek  123, 
Charleston  133,  Galesburg  137,  Corastock  141,  Kalamazoo 
145.  Thence  by  stage  via  Paw  Paw  163,  Hamilton  175, 
Jlulersville  179,  Bainbridge  190,  to  St.  Joseph  200 ;  thence  by 
steamboat  across  lake  Michigan  to  Chicago.  269  m. 


-^H 


STAGE  ROUTES. 

To  Detroit,  400  m.  via  Erie,  Pa;  Cleveland  and  Toledo, 
Ohio;  fare  $10.00. 

To  Batavia  38  m.,  daily,  Sundays  excepted,  fare  $1.00. 

To  Geneseo  66  m.  via  Hamburg  12,  and  Warsaw  45. 

To  Olean  75  m.  via  Ellicottsville  49. 

To  Erie  91  m.  via  Hamburg  12,  Fredonia  46. 

To  Warsaw  44  m.  fare  $1.50. 

To  Lockport  30  m.  during  the  suspension  of  navigation, 
fare  $1.50. 
9 


W    ^:    if^ 


>'    r- .*.;*<  ■ 


130 


TOUR  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


A  TOUR  OF  THE  LAKES 


FROM  BUFFALO  TO  CHICAGO.         « 

In  this  pleasant  excursion  the  tourist  has  an  excellent  op- 
portunity of  not  only  viewing  the  picturesque  and  magnifi- 
cent scenery  of  the  lakes,  but  also  of  visiting  the  various 
thriving  towns  on  the  route,  and  witnessing  the  extensive 
commerce  carried  on  by  steamboats,  schooners,  and  other 
lake  vessels. 

LAKE  ERIE 

Is  of  an  elliptical  shape,  about  265  m.  long,  and  varying  in 
breadth  from  10  to  63  m.  The  line  of  division  as  settled  by 
treaty  runs  through  the  lake,  with  the  states  of  Michigan, 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York,  on  the  S.  and  S.  E.  bor- 
ders, and  the  fertile  province  of  Upper  Canada  on  the  N.  Its 
surface  is  555  ft.  above  the  Hudson  r.  at  Albany,  and  334  ft. 
above  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  the  most  shallow  of  the  five  great 
lakes,  its  mean  depth  being  120  ft.  with  a  depth  in  some 
portions  of  270  ft.  It  receives  at  its  W.  end,  through  Detroit 
river  or  strait  the  discharge  of  water  from  the  great  upper 
lakes,  and  from  the  states  and  Canada  numerous  streams  of 
small  size,  mosi;  of  which  have  bars  at  their  mouths ;  it  dis- 
charges its  waters  through  Niagara  river  pouring  an  immense 
fiood  over  the  precipice  at  the  Falls.  There  are  several  ex- 
cellent harbours  on  the  U.  S.  shore,  and  but  one  or  two  on 
the  Canada  side.  In  consequence  of  its  shallowness,  a  part 
of  the  lake  is  frozen  over  every  winter,  suspending  the  navi- 
gation for  several  months.  Its  importance  as  connected  with 
commerce  and  navigation,  is  greater  than  either  of  the  other 
lakes,  and  is  constantly  increasing,  being  connected  at  Buf- 


^//,. 


DUNKIRK  —  EtllE. 


131 


falo  with  Albany  by  the  Erie  canal  363  ra.  long,  at  Cleveland 
with  Portsmouth  on  Ohio  r.  uy  ihe  Ohio  canal  307  m.  long, 
and  at  Port  Maitland  on  Grand  r.  with  Port  Dalhousie  on  lake 
Ontario  by  the  Welland  canal  434  m.  long.  It  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  125  tons,  and  for  steamboats  adapted  to  lake 
navigation.  There  are  now  over  300  vessels,  many  of  which 
are  of  the  largest  and  finest  class. 

Dunkirk,  45  m.  from  Buffalo,  is  a  thriving  town,  and  has 
an  excellent  harbour.  It  is  to  be  the  termination  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  R.  R.  and  will  become  an  important  place. 

Barcelona^  7  and  52  m.  is  connected  with  Buffalo  by  a 
daily  steamboat.  The  lighthouse  is  lighted  with  gas  which 
escapes  from  the  creek  and  is  conducted  for  a  mile  by  pipes 
to  the  shore.  »     ^      ^  • 

Erie,  Pa.  38  and  90  m.  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  blnff 
on  Presque  Isle  bay.  The  U.  S.  government  has  much  im- 
proved the  entrance  to  the  harbour,  by  the  construction  of 
substantial  piers.  The  village  contains  the  county  buildings, 
7  churches,  and  3412  inhabitants.  Perry's  fleet  was  con- 
structed here,  in  seventy  days  from  the  time  when  the  tim- 
ber, of  which  it  was  constructed,  was  standing  in  the  forest. 
He  returned  here  with  his  prizes  after  the  battle,  and  the 
vessels  now  lie  sunk  in  the  harbour  near  the  Navy  Yard,  of 
which  his  flag  ship  the  Lawrence,  partly  out  of  water,  has 
been  robbed  of  pieces  to  be  preserved  as  relics.  On  the  high 
bank  to  the  right  and  overlooking  the  town,  are  the  remains 
of  the  old  French  fort,  Presque  Isle,  overgrown  with  weeds. 
Half  a  mile  beyond  is  the  block  house,  erected  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Navy  Yard  during  the  late  war.  The  brave  Gen. 
Wayne,  died  here,  Dec.  15,  1796,  on  his  return  from  the 
Indian  wars;  and  his  remains,  by  his  own  request,  were 
buried  beneath  the  flag  staff  of  the  fort,  but  have  since  been 
removed  by  his  relatives.  .;  -  aa  ^ 

Conneautf  28  m.  and  118  from  Buffu.lo,  is  on  a  ereek  of  the 


132 


BUFFALO    TO    CHICAGO. 


same  name,  in  the  N.  £.  corner  of  Ohio,  and  contains  3 
churches,  and  2,642  inhabitants.  Its  trade  is  chiefly  in  lum- 
ber and  country  produce. 

Ashtabula,  O.  13  and  131  m.,  and  Fairport,  0.  on  Grand  r. 
30  and  161  m.  are  next  on  the  route. 


CLEVELA^TD,  O. 


'*■  30  and  191  m.,  is  the  capital  of  Cayahoga  co.  and  next  to 
Cincinnati  the  most  important  city  in  the  slate.  Pop.  6071. 
A  small  part  of  the  city  lies  on  Cayahoga  r.  where  the  land 
is  but  little  elevated  above  the  lake ;  but  it  rises  by  a  steep 
ascent  to  a  level,  gravelly  plain,  elevated  about  80  ft.  above 
the  lake,  on  which  the  city  is  chiefly  built.  From  th.j  ele- 
vation a  view  of  the  Cayahoga  r.  with  its  meanderings,  the 
harbour  and  the  lake  with  the  numerous  sail  and  steam  ves- 
sels, i^  at  once  beautiful  and  striking.  The  upper  portion  of 
the  city  is  well  laid  out  with  broad  and  regular  streets,  and 
has  a  public  square  of  10  acres  divided  into  4  parts  by  2  in- 
tersecting streets,  and  finely  shaded.  It  is  well  built,  with 
neat  and  often  elegant  houses.  The  city  contains  a  court 
house,  jail,  7  churches  mostly  handsome  and  spacious  edi- 
fices, an  insurance  company,  a  Lyceum  and  reading  room 
which  sustain  public  lectures  in  the  winter,  and  numerous 
public  and  private  schools. 

The  commerce  of  Cleveland  is  very  extensive,  and  con- 
stantly increasing  on  account  of  its  great  natural  advantages. 
Besides  its  connection  with  the  extent  of  country  bordering 
the  lakes,  it  is  connected  by  means  of  the  Erie  canal  with 
New  York  and  intermediate  places ;  by  the  Ohio  canal,  pas- 
sing through  the  entire  central  part  of  the  state,  with  the 
Ohio  r. ;  by  the  Pennsylvania  canal,  which  joins  the  Ohio 
canal  at  Akron,  with  Pittsburg  and  thus  with  the  southern 
Atlantic  cities ;  and  by  the  Welland  canal,  with  the  Canada 


"t75- 


C  L  E  V  E  L  A  ND. 


133 


market.  There  were  in  1842,  belonging  to  the  port  75  sail- 
vessels  and  5  steamers ;  the  number  that  arrived  during  the 
year  was  2468,  number  departed  2462.  The  imports  for  the 
year  were  heavy,  while  the  exports  amounted  to  $5,851,898  j 
of  which  $1,016,976  went  to  Canada,  for  which  trade  Cleve- 
land possesses  unrivalled  advantages.  The  principal  exports, 
aro  wheat,  flour,  corn,  pork,  lard,  butter,  beef,  cheese,  &c. 
Cleveland  is  the  great  mart  where  the  grain  trade  of  the 
largest  grain-growing  state  in  the  Union,  centres.  Its  water- 
power  is  small,  and  therefore  it  is  not  an  extensive  manufac- 
turing place. 

The  harbour  of  Cleveland  is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake  Erie, 
spacious  and  safe,  and  easy  of  access.  It  is  formed  by  the 
mouth  of  Cuyahoga  r.,  and  is  well  supplied  with  extensive 
wharves  and  storehouses.  There  are  two  substantial  stone 
piers  1200  ft.  long,  erected  by  the  U.  S.  government,  200  ft. 
apart.  Thrre  are  two  lighthouses,  one  on  the  high  bank  on 
the  shore,  the  other  near  the  end  of  one  of  the  piers. 

Cleveland  derives  its  name  from  Gen.  Cleveland  of  Con- 
necticut, who  first  surveyed  and  laid  it  out  in  1796.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a  village  in  1814,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in 
1836.  It  is  divided  into  3  wards,  and  governed  by  a  mayor, 
3  aldermen,  and  9  councilmen.  In  1799,  there  was  but  one 
white  family,  settled  on  the  spot,  since  when  it  has  been  in- 
creasing slowly  until  the  past  few  years,  when  the  different 
lines  of  communication  with  various  parts  of  the  country 
being  formed,  it  has  increased  rapidly,  and  for  the  same 
reason  will  continue  to  advance. 

There  are  several  Hotels,  of  which  the  American  is  a  large 
and  excellent  house. 

Ohio  city  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  a  thriving 
place,  and  destined  at  no  future  day  to  form  part  of  Cleve- 
land. ,         «   J, ..  , 

Black  River  28  m.,  Vermilion  10,  and   Huron  20,  are 

M 


134 


TOUR  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 


each  small  towns  situated  on  rivers  with  their  respective 
names.        •  -'V  '  "*'  *     ' 

Sandusky  10  m.  and  259  from  BufTalo,  is  the  capital  of 
Erie  Co,  0.,  situated  on  Sandusky  bay,  and  commanding  a 
delightful  view  of  the  lake.  It  has  4  splendid  churches,  1 
academy,  and  about  300  dwellings,  mostly  built  of  stone 
from  an  extensive  quarry  on  which  the  town  stands.  Pop. 
about  2000. 

Toledo,  50  and  309  m.  situated  on  Maumee  r.  near  its 
entrance  into  Maumee  bay  at  the  S.  end  of  Lake  Erie.  It 
contains  numerous  stores,  2  foundries,  2  steam  saw  mills, 
85  mechanic  shops,  and  2072  inhabitants.  A  steamboat  line 
connects  Toledo  and  Perrysburg  18  m.  higher  up  the  river, 
with  Buffalo.  A  railroad  extends  to  Adrian  33  m. ;  and  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  to  La  Fayette;  the  latter  is  to  be  ex- 
tended to  Terre  Haute  on  the  Wabash,  a  total  distance  of 
81m.  and  when  finished  will  add  much  to  the  business  of 
the  place. 

Monroe^  Michigan,  28  m.  is  situated  on  the  river  Raisin 
2^  m.  from  its  mouth.  A  ship  canal,  100  ft.  wide  and  12  ft. 
deep,  is  constructed  from  the  city  to  the  lake.  The  city 
contains  a  courthouse  an  elegant  edifice  of  hewn  stone,  a  jail, 
2  banks,  7  churches,  numerous  mills  and  factories,  a  reading 
room  and  public  library  of  1500  vols.,  and  1703  inhabitants. 
The  city  was  first  settled  by  the  French  in  1776,  and  increased 
by  the  Englrahin  1798.  On  Jan.  18th,  1813,  the  memorable 
battle  of  Frenchtbwn  was  fought  near  this  place,  when  700 
Kentuckians  under  Gen.  Winchester  were  ma.ssacr«d  by  the 
Indians,  under  the  countenance  of  Gen.  Proctor,  who  ordered 
the  burning  of  the  place.  The  order  was  punctually  executed, 
but  was  stopped  by  the  interference  of  the  celebrated  Indian 
chief  Tecumseh.  A  railroad  extends  west  via  Adrian  34  m. 
to  Hillsdale  68,  connecting  with  a  line  of  stages  to  Niles 
161m. 


AMIIERSTBUR  G — D  E  T  R  0  1  T. 


135 


Amheratburg,  Can.  W.  is  on  the  mouth  of  the  Detroit  r.  and 
was  fornnerly  known  by  the  name  of  Walden.  On  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river  is  the  battle  ground  of  Brownstown^ 
where  the  Americans  while  on  their  way  to  reUeve  the  fort 
at  Frenchtown,  routed  the  British  and  Indian  force,  with  a 
slight  loss.  The  regulars  were  stationed  in  a  narrow  pass 
with  their  artillery  on  a  rise  commanding  the  road,  while  the 
Indians  were  secreted  in  the  woods.  The  Americans,  under 
Gen.  Miller  were  nearly  surrounded,  before  the  enemy  was 
discovered.  By  a  vigorous  attack  the  regulars  were  driven 
back  and  the  Indians  becoming  confused  were  entirely  routed. 
The  Americans  arrived  too  late,  as  the  perfidious  massacre 
of  the  defenders  of  the  fort  had  already  taken  place. 

DETROIT. 

14  m.,  372  from  Buffalo,  and  675  from  Chicago  by  s.  b. 
route,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  beautifully  and  advantage- 
ously situated  on  the  W.  side  of  Detroit  r.  on  ground  elevated 
30  ft.  above  its  surface,  7  m.  below  the  outlet  of  lake  St.  Clair, 
and  18  above  the  W.  ext^' mty  of  Lake  Erie.  Pop.  9192.  The 
city  extends  for  over  a  mile  on  the  river,  and  for  1200  ft.  back 
of  it,  the  plan  is  rectangular.  There  are  8  avenues,  three 
of  which  are  200  ft.  wide,  and  five  others  are  120  ft.  wide; 
five  of  these  centre  at  a  public  ground  called  the  grand  circus. 
The  other  streets  are  60  ft.  wide  and  generally  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  wood,  though 
many  are  built  of  brick,  in  a  neat,  and  sometimes  elegant 
manner.  • 

Among  the  public  buildings  are ;  the  Stc^e  Ho'tse^  built  of 
brick,  60  by  90  ft.    It  has  a  portico  with  6  Ionic  columns, 
with  pilasters  on  the  sides,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  dome 
140  ft.  high ;  from  whence  a  grand  and  beautiful  prospect 
presents  itself.    The  City  Hall  is  a  neat  edifice  of  brick,  the 


ff 


13G 


BUFFALO   TO   CHICAGO. 


m    i 


lower  Btory  occupied  by  the  markets,  and  the  upper  by  the 
courts.  Some  of  the  churches  are  very  handsome.  St.  Paul's 
£piBcopal  church,  of  brick,  in  the  Gothie  style,  has  a  well 
proportioned  tower  115  ft.  high,  and  a  fine  organ.  The 
"Presbyterian  church  of  brick,  in  the  Grecian  Doric  style,  with  a 
4  portico  of  six  columns,  and  a  steeple  130  ft.  high.  The  Baptist 
C  church,  on  an  elevated  situation,  built  of  brick  in  the  Grecian 
Ionic  style,  has  a  steeple  100  ft.  high,  stnd  a  handsome  dome. 
St.  Anne's  cathedral  constructed  of  hewn  granite,  in  the  Ro- 
man Doric  order,  has  two  steeples  in  front,  ornamented  with 
iron  crosses;  in  the  centre  is  an  octagonal  dome,  30  ft.  in 
diameter  and  30  ft.  high;  it  has  a  splendid  organ.  The  Bank 
of  Michigan  is  constructed  of  polished  stone,  in  the  Grecian 
style,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000. 

Detroit  contains  an  Historical  Society,  a  State  Literary  In- 
stitute, a  Medical  society,  a  Young  Men's  society  for  Moral 
and  Intellectual  improvement  with  a  library  of  over  1200 
vols.,  and  a  State  Library,  at  the  capitol,  containing  2000  vols, 
to  be  increased  at  the  rate  of  $1000  a  year  for  five  years. 
The  city  also  contains  8  churches,  4  banks  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $2,250,000 ;  3  markets,  a  theatre,  a  circus,  a 
state  penitentiary,  a  county  jail,  a  government  magazine,  a 
mechanic's  hall,  and  numerous  seminaries.  The  city  is  sup- 
plied with  water  raised  by  steam-power  from  the  strait,  and 
distributed  in  pipes  over  the  city. 

Detroit  is  well  situated  for  trade,  and  has  already  become 
a  great  commercial  emporium.  The  navigation  of  the  river 
,and  lake  is  open  about  8  months  in  the  year.  The  arrivals 
of  vessels  and  steamboats  is  about  300  annually. 

The  city  was  first  settled  by  the  French,  in  1683 ;  and  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  British  in  1760.  In  1784,  it  came  by 
treaty  into  the  possession  of  the  U.  States,  who  have  had  a 
garrison  stationed  here  from  1796  until  recently.  In  1802  it 
yr&s  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  in  1805  it  was  nearly  de- 


DETROIT— LAKE    ST.  CLAIR. 


137 


stroyed  by  fire.  In  1812,  it  was  captured  by  the  British,  re- 
captured in  1813,  by  the  Americans,  and  rechartered  in  1815. 
In  1837  a  large  fire  occurred  in  Detroit,  which  caused  a  great 
destruction  of  property. 

^  R.  R.  extends  N.  W.  to  Pontiac  25  m.  thence  by  stage 
via  Flint  61,  to  Sa^naw  97.  A  R.  R.  extends  to  Utica^  25  m. 
The  central  R.  R.  of  Michigan  extends  W.  to  Kciamazoo 
146  m.  via  Dearbonville  10,  Ypsilanti  30,  Ann  Arbor  40,  Scio 
46,  Jackson  79,  Marshall  113,  Kalamazoo  146;  thence  by 
stage  to  St,  Joseph^s  200,  then  by  steamboat  across  lake  Mi- 
chigan to  Chicago  269.  s  •'•  -^  '^•'^■ 
•-,    By  stage  to  Port  Huron  59  m.  '^  ^^ 

By  stage  to  Grand  Haven  199  m.  via  Howell  51,  Ionia  1 18, 
and  Grand  Rapids  155. 

By  R.  R.  and  stage  to  Niles  182  m.    By  R.  R.  to  Ypsilanti 
30,  thence  by  stage  via  Cold  Water  110,  and  Mottsville  154. 

To  Chicago  279  m.  ]  by  stage  to  Niles  182  m.  as  above, 
then  via  Michigan  city  226. 

From  Windsor  J  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  stages  run 
to  Queenston  during  the  close  of  the  navigation. 

Continuing  the  tour  of  the  lakes  we  proceed  N.  until  7  m. 
above  Detroit  we  reach 


lAKE  ST.  CLAIR, 

The  smallest  of  the  chain ;  it  is  2^  m.  long,  80  m.  wide,  90  m. 
in  circumference,  and  about  20  ft.  deep.  It  receives  the 
waters  of  several  rivers;  one  of  which,  the  St.  Clair  connects 
it  with  Lake  Huron.    '  '***" 

St.  Clair  on  the  W.  and  Southerland  on  the  £.  shore  are 
passed  before  reaching  Lake  Haron,  at  the  S.  end  of  which 
on  the  W.  side  is  Fori  Gratiotj  and  Ft.  Edward  on  the  E.  or 
Canadian  side.         •  '- 


# 


138 


BUFFFALO   TO   CHICAGO. 


'-  IjAKE  HURON,  M^if  ?-?%*>^^ 

Is  so  irregular  in  shape  that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  its 
exact  dimensions.  It  is  260  m.  in  length,  with  a  breadth  of 
160  m.  in  its  widest  part,  though  the  average  breadth  is  90  m. 
Its  principal  indentations  are  Saginaw  bay^  on  the  W.  shore ; 
and  Georgian  bay  on  the  N.  £.  170  m.  long  and  70  m.  -wide, 
itself  one  fourth  of  the  size  of  the  whole  lake.  There  are 
said  to  be  32,000  islands  in  Lake  Huron,  most  of  which  are 
in  the  N.  and  N.  £.  part,  of  which  the  largest  is  Manitoulin 
90  m.  long,  and  30  m.  broad  in  its  widest  part.  Its  greatest 
depth  towards  its  W.  shore,  is  at  least  1000  ft.,  and  its  mean 
depth  900  ft.  or  about  300  ft.  below  the  level  of  the  Atlantic. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  lake  Superior  by  St.  Mary's  strait, 
those  of  lake  Michigan  by  the  straits  of  Michilimackinac, 
and  discharges  its  own  waters  by  the  river  St  Clair.  It  also 
receives  the  waters  of  several  small  lakes.  The  lake  is  sub- 
ject to  violent  storms,  which  render  its  navigation  dangerous. 
Though  very  deep,  it  is  generally  shallow  near  the  shores ; 
it  has  some  fine  harbours.  The  boundary  line  runs  through 
the  middle  of  the  lake. 

Point  aux  Barques  130  m.  from  Detroit,  is  at  the  S.  entrance 
of  Saginaw  bay;  Thunder  bay  75  m.  further,  contains  a  great 
many  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  a  lighthouse;  Presque  Isle 
30  m.  is  on  the  N.  £.  point  of  the  peninsula  of  Michigan. 

Sault  de  St.  Marie,  or  St.  Mary's  Falls,  is  a  settlement  on 
the  American  shore  of  the  St.  Mary's  river,  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  elevated 
ground,  and  contains  a  courthouse,  3  churches.  Fort  Brady, 
an  U.  States  post,  a,  trading  house  of  the  American  Fur  com- 
pany, and  about  1000  inhabitants  of  a  mixed  character.  The 
St.  Mary's  river  60  m.  long,  has  a  total  fall  in  its  course  from 
Lake  Superior  to  Huron  of  50  ft.,  the  principal  part  of  which 


LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


139 


are  the  rapids  near  the  village,  near  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
loiig,  with  a  descent  of  23  ft.  It  is  in  contemx)lation  to  cut  a 
ship  canal  around  the  falls,  which  would  complete  the  navi- 
gation between  the  lakes,  and  form  an  outlet  for  the  vast  re- 
sources of  the  country  bordering  lake  Superior. 

From  Sault  St.  Marie  a  steamboat  rur^p  every  other  day  to 
Mackinac,  and  to  the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR, 


The  largest  of  the  five  lakes,  and  supposed  to  be  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  in  the  world,  is  380  m.  long,  130  m.  wide 
in  its  widest  part,  900  ft.  deep,  and  about  1500  m.  in  circum- 
ference. Its  waters  are  remarkably  clear  and  abound  with 
trout,  wliite  fish,  sturgeon,  and  other  fish;  many  of  which 
are  taL*'  *  d  exported.  The  lake  is  subject  to  as  violent 
storms  :o  Atlantic,  and  the  navigation  is  equally  danger- 
ous. It  contains  a  number  of  islands  in  the  N.  and  N.  E. 
parts,  the  largest  of  which  is  Isle  Royalj  100  m.  long  and  40  m. 
broad.  It  receives  the  waters  of  30  rivers,  and  discharges 
them  through  the  straits  of  St.  Mary.  The  land  on  the 
borders  of  the  lake  is  generally  sterile,  being  elevated, 
rocky,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  The  Pictured  Rocks 
on  the  shore  towards  the  E.  end  are  a  great  curiosity.  They 
form  a  perpendicular  wall  300  ft.  high,  extending  about  12  m., 
with  numerous  projections  and  vast  caverns,  which  receive 
the  waves  with  a  tremendous  roar.  At  one  place  a  consider- 
able stieam  is  thrown  from  them  into  the  lake  by  a<^rand 
cascade  70  ft.  high,  and  projected  so  far  that  boats  pass  dry 
between  it  and  the  rocky  shore.  The  Doric  rock  or  arch  ap- 
pears like  a  work  of  art,  consisting  of  an  isolated  rock  of 
sandstone  with  four  pillars,  supporting  a  stratum  cf  stone 
covered  with  soil  and  a  growth  of  fir  trees,  some  of  them 
60  ft.  high.   Recent  explorations  have  discovered  large  beds 


V 


140 


BUFFALO    TO    CHICAGO. 


of  copper  in  the  country  S.  of  the  lake,  which  eventually  will 
prove  of  great  profit.  *  <*i<^«  ^^^P^-j 

Just  above  Fort  William  on  the  Kaministiquia  -iver,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  lake,  are  the  Kakabikkia  falls;  they 
have  a  perpendicu)  .  descent  of  130  ft.  and  a  breadth  of 
150  ft. ;  and  in  thedirolume  of  water  which  they  present,  in 
the  roar  of  the  cataract,  and  the  wildness  of  the  vegetation 
and  of  the  rocks  around,  are  thought  by  some  to  vival  the 
Falls  of  Niagara. 

Mackinac  (pronounced  Mackinaw)  295  m.  from  Detroit  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  S.  £.  extremity  of  an  island  of  the 
same  name  in  the  straits  of  Michilimackinac.  It  is  the  capital 
of  the  county,  and  contains  the  county  buildhigs,  2  churches, 
several  missionary  schools,  and  a  branch  of  the  University 
of  Michigan.  Fort  Mackinac  stands  on  a  rocky  eminence, 
150  ft.  above  the  village,  which  it  commands.  The  harbour 
is  spacious  and  safe,  capable  of  accommodating  150  vessels. 
More  than  3000  barrels  of  trout  and  whitefish  are  annually 
exported ;  and  it  is  still  the  mart  of  an  extensive  trade.  The 
air  here  is  cool  and  salubrious. 

Passing  through  the  strait  and  entering  lake  Michigan, 
Beaver,  Fox,  and  other  islands  are  passed. 


.^^i  "^^ 


LAKE  MICHIGAN 


;)..i 


Is  the  largest  that  lies  wholly  witnin  the  United  States  and 
second  only  to  lakes  Superior  and  Huron  of  the  five  great 
lakes.  It  is  330  m.  long,  60  m.  broad  on  an  averag  and 
estimated  to  be  900  ft.  deep.  The  waters  are  pure  and  clear 
and  abound  in  excellent  fish,  the  trade  in  which  is  extensive. 
Green  Bay  is  a  large  inlet  on  the  W.  side. 

Manifowocj  Sheboygarij  Washington,  Milwaukiej  Racine^ 
and  Little  Fort  on  the  W.  shore  j  and  Grand  Haven,  Sauga- 


.ft^i       CHICAGO. 


■'i4:t 


141 


tuck,  and  St.  Joseph's  on  the  £.  shore,  are  thriving  and  popu- 
lous places  before  reaching 

"^  *      '^^  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

675  m.  from  Detroit,  and  1047  from  Buffalo.  The  city  is 
beautifully  built  on  level  ground  on  both  sides  of  the  Chica- 
go river,  the  N.  and  S.  branches  of  which  unite  three  fourths 
of  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city  form- 
ing a  good  harbour ;  a  bay  at  its  mouth  has  about  9  ft.  water. 
Piere  have  been  constructed  by  the  U.  S.  government  on 
both  sides  of  the  harbour,  extending  into  the  lake  for  some 
distance.  This  rapidly  increasing  place  contains  the  county 
buildings,  a  U.  S.  land-office,  6  churches,  and  13,000  inhabit- 
ants. The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  lake,  and 
has  several  fire  and  insurance  companies.  On  a  strip  of  go- 
vernment land  between  the  city  and  the  lake  are  situated 
Fort  Dearborn  and  a  lighthouse.  The  fort  consists  of  a 
square  stockade,  enclosing  barracks,  quarters  for  the  officers, 
a  magazine  and  provision  store,  and  defended  by  bastions. 
Near  the  city  are  vast  quantities  of  white  pine  and  other  fine 
timber.  The  country  around  it  is  fertile  and^  pleasaiit,  and 
the  situation  is  healthy. 

The  city  is  one  of  the  many  important  places  in  the  U. 
States  which  have  sprung  up  and  increased  rapidly  within  a 
few  years.  In  1832,  there  were  but  5  stores,  and  250  inhabit- 
ants; its  present  importance  is  owing  to  its  great  natural  ad- 
vantages, it  being  the  nearest  point  on  the  lakes  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  and  to  its  connection  with  Buffalo  and  other 
places  by  steamboats  and  other  vessels.  The  Michigan  and 
Illinois  canal  extending  along  the  valleys  of  the  Chicago, 
Des  Plains,  and  Illinois  rivers,  to  the  head  of  steamboat  na- 
vigation on  Illinois  r.,  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  great  Mis- 
sissippi, adds  much  to  its  increase. 


-^■hS*" 


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142 


BUFFALO    TO   CHICAGO. 


During  the  last  war  with  Gt.  Britain,  in  1812;  when  the 
town  was  but  a  name,  the  garrison  of  the  fort,  on  the  surren- 
der of  Gen.  Hull  at  Detroit,  resolved  to  abandon  it.  Shortly 
after  leaving  the  fort  they  were  attacked  by  Indians.  They 
defended  themselves  bravely,  and  only  surrendered  to  a  great- 
ly superior  force,  after  obtaining  a  promise  that  their  lives 
should  be  spared ;  but  after  dehvering  up  their  arms  several 
of  the  men  were  barbarously  murdered. 

Hotels;  The  Lake  House,  excellent  in  every  respect. 

Michigan  City,  S.  £.  of  Chicago,  is  destined  to  become  a 
pla»^e  of  great  importance. 

From  Chicago,  routes  diverge  to  the  S.  £.  and  W. 


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BLACK   ROCK. 


148 


FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS,  22  M. 

By  R.  R.  to  Black  Rock  3  ra.  passing  when  about  half  way 
the  new  fortress  erected  by  the  U.  S.  government.  It  is 
situated  on  elevated  ground,  and  is  of  a  strength  and  extent 
proportionate  to  the  defence  of  so  important  a  point.  It  is 
nearly  opposite  the  site  of  Fort  Eric  on  the  Canada  side,  de- 
scribed below. 

The  village  of  Black  Rock  is  of  some  size,  containing  about 
1800  inhabitants.  Its  harbour  is  formed  by  an  immense 
stone  pier  or  mole,  over  a  mile  in  length,  50  ft.  wide  at  its 
base,  and  30  ft.  at  the  top,  erected  by  the  state  of  New  York, 
at  an  expense  of  $300,000,  for  the  double  purpose  of  forming 
a  harbour  for  the  canal  boats  entering  the  lake,  and  for  sup- 
plying the  Erie  canal  with  water.  A  dam  165  yards  long, 
connects  the  shore  with  Squaw  island,  and  raises  the  water 
in  the  harbour  4 i  ft.,  to  a  level  with  the  lake,  creating  an 
immense  water  power.  Vessels  are  admitted  from  the  har- 
bour into  the  river  by  a  lock. 

Tonawanda  11  m.  is  a  small  village,  with  a  good  harbour. 

Schlosser  9  m.  is  next  passed  before  reaching  the  Falls. 
See  p  145.  -    ^ 

From  Buffalo  by  steamboat  daily.  By  this  route  is  pre- 
sented a  fine  view  of  Lake  Erie  and  both  sides  of  the  river. 
The  first  object  in  view  is  the  ruins  of 

Fort  Erie,  on  the  Canada  side,  a  little  N.  of  Waterloo,  the 
scene  of  several  engagements  during  the  late  war.  The  last 
and  most  decisive  battle  was  fought  on  the  night  of  Aug. 
15th,  1814.  The  Americans  had  possession  of  the  fort,  and 
were  attacked  several  times  during  the  night  by  the  British, 
who  were  as  often  repulsed,  until  at  length  they  succeeded, 
by  a  superior  force,  in  gaining  a  bastion.    Several  cartridges 


144 


BUFFALO   TO  NIAGARA, 


exploding,  they  caused  tremenduus  havoo  amongst  the  Bri- 
tish, who  were  obliged  to  retreat,  having  lost  221  killed,  174 
wounded,  and  186  prisoners.  The  American  loss  was  17 
killed,  56  wounded,  and  1 1  missing.  This  action  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  splendid  sortie,  made  by  Gen.  Porter  on  the  17th, 
in  which  tht'  British  lost  1000,  including  385  prisoners;  and 
the  Americans  5 1 1  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Opposite  is  the  new  fort  being  erected  by  the  U.  S.  go- 
vernment. 

The  river  is  here  divided  into  two  channels  by  Grand 
Island,  a  tract  of  valuable  land  mostly  covered  with  timber, 
chiefly  of  white  oak,  suitable  for  ship  building.  It  is  12  m. 
in  circumference,  and  from  3  to  6  m.  in  diameter,  and  be- 
longs to  thei  Americans. 

Navy  Island,  at  the  foot  of  Grand  island,  belongs  to  the 
British.  It  became  notorious  in  1837-8,  when  it  was  occu- 
pied by  the  so-called  ''  patriots."  The  steamer  Caroline  was 
burnt  while  lying  at  Schlosser's  Landing  on  the  American 
side  opposite ',  it  was  engaged  in  plying  between  the  shore 
and  the  island,  which  shortly  after  was  evacuated,    .'.f:  «»?'  ' 

Chippewa  20  m.  from  Buffalo,  and  2  m.  above  the  falls, 
is  a  flourishing  place,  with  a  tolerable  harbour,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  Chippewa  creek ;  which  is  spanned  by  a  draw- 
bridge, and  is  navigable  15  m.  up  the  stream.  It  commands 
an  excellent  view  of  the  rapids,  and  scenery  above  the  Falls. 

Chippewa  has  become  famous  on  account  of  the  sangui- 
nary battles  fought  in  the  neighborhood,  during  the  late  war. 
The  battle  was  fought  July  5th,  1814,  on  the  plains  one 
mile  S.  of  the  village.  The  American  forces  were  com- 
manded by  Maj.  Gen.  Brown,  and  the  British  by  Maj.  Gen. 
Riall.  The  British  advanced  rapidly  across  the  Chippewa 
bridge,  and  were  met  by  the  troops  under  Gen.  Scott,  and 
were  also  attacked  by  Gen.  Ripley  on  their  right  flank.  After 
a  severe  engagement,  the  British  recrossed  the  bridge,  which 


NIAGARA    RIVER    AND    FALLS. 


U5 


they  broke  down  on  their  retreat,  having  sufTered  a  loss  of 
614  killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  while  the  American  loss 
was  328. 

From  Chippewa  a  railroad  extends  to  Qiiecmton,  10  m., 
stopping  opposite  the  rnuilion,  an  excellent  hotel.  The 
Clifton  House  half  a  mile  below,  near  the  ferry,  affords  the 
best  general  view  of  both  the  American,  and  Canadian  or 
Horse  Shoe  Falls,  that  is  to  be  obtained. 


•         '      '     NIAGARA  RIVER  AND  FALLS. 

Niagara  river  about  35  miles  in  length,  on  which  the 
fallr.  are  situated,  is  the  great  outlet  of  the  upper  I  kes,  and 
connects  Lake  Erie  with  Lake  Ontario.     These  great  inland 
seas,  as  they  may  be  called,  contain  nearly  half  the  fresh 
w^ater  on  the  globe.     The  river  as  it  flows  from  Lake  Erie  in 
about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  and  from  20  to  40  ft.  dt  tjp  ; 
it  has  for  3  m.  a  rapid  current,  and  then  becomes  smooth 
and  placid,  resembling  a  prolongation  of  the  tranquil  lake, 
being  interspersed  with  low  wooded  islands,  till  within  one 
mile  from  the  falls.     Five  miles  from  Lake  Erie  the  river 
begins  to  expand,  till  it  becomes  more  than  8  m.  in  width, 
measured  across  Grand  island,  and  embraces,    before  it 
reaches  the  falls,  40  islands.     Below  the   termination  of 
Grand  and  Navy  islands,  the  river  is  compressed  to  a  breadth 
of  2i  m.,  and  proceeds  with  an  accelerated  motion.     Three 
fourths  of  a  mile  above  the  falls  commence  t'-.-  apids,  which 
have  a  descent  of  from  52  to  57  ft.,  the  greatest  descent 
being  on  the  British  side ;  they  are  more  than  a  mile  in 
width,  with  white  crested  breakers,  and  a  dashing  and  foam- 
ing torrent,  tossing  from  10  to  30  iL.  above  the  main  current, 
until  they  come  to  the  great  cataract.    Nothing  but  a  mira- 
cle, could  save  any  one  who  should  come  within  the  force 
of  these  rapids.  .    ...      .  _ 

10  N 


Ii6 


BUFFALO    TO   NIAGARA. 


The  Falls,  about  21  m.  below  lake  Erie,  and  14  m.  above 
lake  Ontario,  are  generally  regarded  as  the  greatest  natural 
curiosity  in  the  world.  The  river  is  precipitated  over  a  pre- 
cipice 160  ft.  high,  with  a  solemn  and  tremendous  roar, 
which  is  ordinarily  heard  from  5  to  20  m.,  but  has  in  some 
instances  been  heard  at  Toronto  45  m.  distant ;  although  at 
the  village  on  the  shore,  there  is  little  to  give  notice  of  its 
awful  proximity.  In  consequence  of  a  bend  in  the  river, 
the  principal  weight  of  the  water,  supposed  to  be  seven 
eighths  of  the  whole,  is  thrown  on  the  Canadian  side  over 
the  Horse-shoe  fall.  The  distance  across  the  fall  from  the 
American  shore  to  Goat  island  is  65  rods ;  across  the  front 
of  Goat  island  is  78  rods;  around  the  Horse-shoe  fall  144 
rods;  and  directly  across  the  same  it  is  74  rods.  The  Ame- 
lican  fall,  though  sublime,  inclines  to  the  beautiful ;  while 
the  Canadian  fall,  though  beautiful,  is  characterized  by  an 
overpowering  sublimity. 

On  the  American  side,  the  water  power  is  immense,  and 
easily  available ;  and  but  for  its  exposedness  in  case  of  a 
war,  would  probably  be  soon  and  extensively  occupied.  It 
is  computed  that  100  millions  of  tons  of  water  are  discharged 
over  the  precipice  every  hour.  The  river  at  the  falls  is  a 
little  over  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  but  below,  it  is  im- 
mediately compressed  to  less  than  one  fourth  of  a  mile  in 
width,  and  as  ascertained  by  sounding  is  about  250  ft.  deep. 
About  2  m.  below  the  falls,  the  river  is  comparatively  smooth, 
and  thence  to  Lewiston  it  flows  with  amazing  velocity. 
While  the  river  makv. .  a  constant  descent  of  100  ft.  in  7  m., 
the  banks  have  an  ascent  for  the  same  distance,  to  Lew- 
iston. 

The  number  of  visiters  at  the  falls  is  from  12  to  15,000 
annually,  and  the  number  is  increasing.  All  classes  from 
different  parts  of  the  world  congregate  here  during  the  sum- 
mer season. 


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147 


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The  banks  of  the  river  vary  greatly  in  their  appearance 
and  height ;  from  the  efHux  of  the  river  to  the  cataract,  they 
are  from  5  to  100  ft.  high;  from  the  Falls  to  the  end  of  the 
mountain  ridge,  they  are  from  170  to  370  ft.  perpendicular 
height ;  at  Lewiston  they  are  100  ft.  high,  and  from  thence 
to  the  lake,  they  have  a  gradual  and  unbroken  descent.  The 
descent  of  the  river,  from  its  efflux  to  Black  Rock  is  6  ft. ; 
from  thence  to  the  rapids  10  ft. ;  from  the  head  of  the  rapids 
to  the  cataract  58  ft. ;  the  cataract  itself  154  ft.;  from  the 
Falls  to  Lewiston  104  ft. ;  and  from  Lewiston  to  Lake  On- 
tario, about  2  ft.  The  whole  declivity  of  the  river  from  lake 
Erie  to  Ontario,  is  therefore  334  ft  ! 

As  the  traveller  approaches  the  falls  the  distant  view  of 
the  green  wood,  the  falling  water,  and  the  white  foam,  with 
the  sun  shinihg  full  upon  them,  is  more  beautiful  and  less 
grand,  probably  than  he  expected.  But  after  several  nearer 
views  of  the  two  cataracts,  gazing  upon  them  for  hours  from 
above  and  below,  watching  the  river  foaming  over  the  rapids 
then  plunging  headlong  into  the  dark  pool,  and  listening  to 
their  thundering  sound ;  and  having  explored  the  delightful 
island  which  divides  the  falls,  where  the  solitude  of  the 
ancient  forest  is  still  unbroken,  then  at  last  he  learns  by  de- 
grees to  comprehend  the  wonders  of  the  scene,  and  to  feel 


its  full  magnificence. 


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;  :♦    .    .;^  NIAGARA    FALLS. 

Having  arrived  at  the  falls,  take  rooms  at  one  of  the  foi* 
lowing  Hotels  : 

On  the  American  side;  The  Cataract  House,  the  oldest 
establij^hment  at  the  falls,  is  a  large  and  splendid  hotel,  with 
the  finest  accommodations,  situated  near  the  bank  of  tho 
river,  a  part  of  it  almost  overhanging  the  rapids  between  the 
shore  and  Goat  island,  and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 


■vSr- 


148 


NI  A  G  A  RA    ^'ALLS. 


-■'* 


verge  of  the  American  Fall,  the  islands,  &c. ;  attached  to 
the  house  is  a  neat  garden,  and  about  a  mile  distant,  a  farm 
of  500  acres,  on  which  supplies  for  the  house  are  raised. 
The  St.  Lawrence  Hotel  is  also  .n  e  xellent  house;  besides 
which  there  are  Sv=)veral  others  c   good  repute. 

On  the  Canada  side  j  The  Clifton  House.,  a  large,  commo- 
dious, and  well  furnished  hotel,  stands  on  the  brow  of  the 
bank,  near  the  ferry,  and  commands  a  splendid  view  of  the 
Falls  from  its  piazzas.  The  Pavilion,  is  a  handsome  house 
and  has  ample  accommodations ;  it  stands  on  the  upper  bank 
and  affords  a  fine  prospect  of  the  scenery,  from  its  piazza, 
and  also  from  the  foot  of  the  stairs  leading  to  the  bank 
below. 

Sallying  forth  from  your  hotel  to  visit  the  falls,  keep  along 
the  brow  of  the  upper  bank  or  ridge  to  Prospect  Point,  on  the 
river.  From  there  you  have  the  best  view  of  the  falls,  on 
the  American  side.  Standing  upon  the  brow  of  the  preci- 
pice, you  behold  one  of  the  most  magnificent  views  presented 
by  this  great  phenomenon  of  nature.  Two  hundred  feet 
below  you  iho  river  rolls  by  ruffled  and  agitated,  shining  and 
sparkling  in  the  sun,  and  bounded  on  either  side  by  lofty 
walls  of  limestone,  crowned  with  neat  villages,  cultivated 
fields,  and  viist  tracts  of  forest.  To  your  left  Table  Rock, 
the  Horse-shoe  fall,  Iris  island,  the  Central  fall,  the  American 
fall,  the  rapids  and  islands  above,  all  are  within  sight,  but 
of  the  Horse-shoe  fall  the  view  is  distant  and  partial.  Having 
gazed  at  and  admired  this  glorious  scene,  advance  to  Pros- 
pect ^lace  on  the  very  brink  of  the  cataract,  and  there  lean- 
ing over  look  down  at  the  awful  depth,  the  huge  masses  of 
rock,  the  spray  and  the  foam  rising  from  the  deep  abyss, 
then  up,  at  the  American  cascade  and  the  other  falls.  Mr. 
Ware,  has  an  observatory  on  the  ferry  house,  from  whence 
you  can-i5|5iew  the  same  scenes,  and  where  also,  canes,  and 
other  articles  are  for  sale. 


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BATH    ISLAND. 


149 


\i 


Having  feasted  your  eyes  with  the  glorious  scene,  pass  up 
the  river  along  its  shore,  admiring  the  wild  rapids  of  the 
river  and  the  splendid  scenery  of  the  banks  and  islands,  until 
you  reach  the  Bridge  from  the  American  shore  to  Bath 
Island.  While  standing  on  the  bridge,  which  is  oidy  64  rods 
above  the  cataract,  you  are  filled  with  amazement  and 
wonder  to  know  how  a  bridge  could  be  erected  over  such  a 
mad  torrent,  rushing  along  with  a  velocity  and  force  almost 
irresistible.  The  manner  of  constructing  it  was  as  follows ; 
the  abutment  on  the  shore  having  been  built  of  proper  size 
and  durability,  two  long  massive  timbers  were  projected  from 
it,  the  ends  in  the  abutment  being  secured  from  tilting  up  by 
piling  on  tons  of  weight.  Upon  these  timbers  were  then  laid 
planks,  thus  forming  a  temporary  but  insecure  bridge,  from 
the  extremity  of  which  large  stones  were  let  down  into  the 
stream,  until  the  pile  rose  above  the  water,  -when  it  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  massive  frame  of  timber,  sunk  into  the  watei, 
and  the  remaining  space  filled  with  stone.  One  pier  being- 
formed  it  was  comparatively  easy  to  form  the  permanent 
bridge  from  it  to  the  shore.  The  second  and  remaining  piers 
were  formed  in  like  manner  by  successively  thrusting  the 
timbers  forward,  and  then  connecting  them  by  sections  of 
the  permanent  bridge.  Bath  island  is  connected  with  Iris 
jsland  by  a  similar  bridge,  and  thus  to  the  main  land. 

The  first  bridge  to  this  island  was  built  higher  up  the 
stream  by  Gen.  Whitney  in  1817,  but  was  carried  away  by 
ice  in  the  following  spring ;  the  present  one  was  constructed 
the  ensuing  summer  by  the  Messrs.  Porter  at  a  cost  of  IGOO 
dcilare,  it  is  s4  rod-  in  length,  being  28  rods  to  Bath  island, 
and  thence  16  rods  to  Iris  island. 

On  arriving  at  Bath  island,  you  register  your  name  and  pay 
25  cts.  tol.',  which  entitles  you  to  pass  and  repass  as  often  as 
you  please :  at  the  toll  house  the  keeper  has  quite  a  museum 
of  curiosities,  and  has  for  sale  canes,  bead-work;  &c.   A  path 

N  2         ' 


_  .  i>: 


150 


MAOARA    FALLS. 


leads  from  the  loll  house  lo  a  bridge  connecting  Bath  island 
■with  Ship  island,  which  with  Brig  island,  are  two  beautiful 
and  delightful  retreats,  so  named  on  account  of  their  fancied 
resemblance  to  such  vessels.  They  are  situated  in  the  very 
midst  of  the  wild  and  turbulent  rapids,  of  which  they  com- 
mand excellent  views ;  they  are  covered  with  vines,  trees, 
and  flowers,  and  provided  with  rustic  seats. 

After  crossing  the  bridge  to  Iris  or  Goat  island,  turn  to  your 
right  and  pursue  the  path  along  the  bank,  to  the  Hog^s  back, 
a  narrow  ridge  so  named  from  its  shape,  at  the  lowest  ex- 
tremity of  the  island.  From  this  point,  you  have  a  fine  view 
of  the  Central  or  Crescent  fall  betwe'i.  ii.'o  and  Prospect 
islands,  the  American  fall  between  tht  ialior  au  '  the  Ame- 
rican shore,  the  river  below  with  its  piciur<f?qi;e  f'.  enery,  and 
two  miles  distant  the  Whirlpool  Falls  are  just  uistinguishable 
by  a  small  cloud  of  foam.  If  your  nerves  be  firm,  you  can 
approach  to  the  very  verge  iX  the  precipice  and  gaze  down 
at  the  central  fall  which  rolls  over  the  precipice  in  a  clear 
unbroken  sheet  158  ft.  high.  Beneath  you  and  behind  the 
cascade  is  the  celebrated  Cave  of  the  Winds. 
•  Now  cross  the  bridge  to  Prospect  or  Luna  island,  and  you 
will  be  rewarded  by  the  finest  view  of  the  American  fall  that 
is  to  be  had  from  any  other  elevated  point.  The  broad  stream 
plunges  over  the  precipice  at  your  feet  163  ft.  high,  and  being 
varied  in  its  outline  with  snowy  colums  it  is  at  once  majestic 
and  sublime.  The  island  itself  is  a  beautiful  spot  mostly 
covered  with  forest  trees,  and  from  it  besides  the  view  of  the 
falls,  the  rapids  and  other  islands  are  seen.  -    •  - 

Retracing  your  steps  to  the  Hog's  back  pass  up  along  the 
bank  to  the  British  Fall,  and  you  have  a  grand  view  of  the 
basin,  the  Horse-shoe  falls,  and  the  rapids  above.  Crossing 
Terrapin  Bridge,  300  feet  long  to  the  rocks  at  its  extremity, 
you  stand  at  the  very  verge  of  the  precipice,  with  the  im- 
mense volume  of  water  pouring o  or  it;  you  behold  the  falls 


V 


# 


4i..^ 


< 


PnOSPECT    TOWER — DIDDLE    STAIRS.     151 

in  all  their  greatness,  while  your  ears  are  iilled  with  the  un- 
ceasing roar  of  thunder,  and  far  down  the  abyss  rises  the 
spray  and  foam  in  vast  clouds.  Then  is  it  that  man  feels  his 
vast  insignificance  when  contrasted  with  the  workings  of 
nature  as  created  by  the  hand  of  the  Almighty.  Turn  in 
either  direction  and  you  behold  vast  floods  of  water  rolling 
down  with  an  irresistible  force,  seeming  about  to  sweep  you 
and  the  rock  on  which  you  stand  into  the  huge  vortex. 

Ascend  the  Prospect  Tower^  and  from  the  open  gallery  at 
the  top,  protected  by  an  iron  balustrade,  you  have  a  sublime 
and  magnificent  view  of  the  great  Fall  150  ft.  high,  the 
chasm,  the  rapids,  Table  Rock,  and  the  surrounding  scenery. 
The  Tower  is  a  circular  stone  building  45  ft.  high,  ascended 
by  winding  stairs,  and  was  erected  by  Judge  Porter  in  1833. 
From  it  you  gaze  into  the  very  hollow  and  midst  of  the  great 
chaos,  until  the  brain  grows  dizzy  with  the  sight.  After 
revelling  the  senses  with  the  glo  ious  sight  until  you  are 
weary  of  it,  retrace  your  steps  on  tf  o  bank  towards  the  Hog's 
Back,  before  reaching  which  you  meet  the  Biddle  stair  case. 
Here  you  change  your  dress  before  descending. 

The  stair  case  was  so  named  nom  its  having  been  con- 
structed in  1829,  by  the  late  Nicnolas  Biddle,  former  presi- 
dent of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  $300.  It 
forms  a  desirable  means  of  communication  with  points  of 
great  interest,  which  previously  were  reached  only  by  boats 
from  the  ferry.  You  descend  the  bank  which  is  quite  st-^ep, 
for  40  ft.  by  a  flight  of  steps  to  the  head  of  the  stair  cuse. 
This  is  in  the  form  of  a  hexagon,  enclosing  triangular  steps, 
90  in  number,  that  wind  spirally  around  a  large  solid  oak 
bhafi,  resting  on  a  firm  foundation,  and  securely  fastened  to 
the  rock  at  the  top.  The  stair  case  is  80  ft.  in  height,  from 
thence  .o  the  river  80  ft.  more,  a.id  the  whole  descent  from 
the  top  cf  tho  bank  is  185  ft.  From  this  point  excellent  sport 
for  the  angle;  is  to  be  had ;  and  from  a  platform  97  ft.  high, 


^# 


^^f*- 


:Mmi. 


152 


NIAGARA    FALLS. 


the  celebrated  Sam  Patch  made  two  rvccossful  leaps  shortly 
after  the  stair  case  was  completed,  in  attempting  similar 
leaps  from  the  Genesee  Falls  at  a  height  of  125  ft.;  in  his 
second  leap  he  sank  to  ilr  no  more.   "'^  ■?>'"*-'.•   .  -      'tf   • 

From  the  foot  of  the  stair  case,  paths  lead  up  to  the  British 
fall,  and  down  to  the  Cf  ntral  fall,  and  the  Cave  of  trr  Winds. 
First,  being  properly  equipped,  you  pass  up  uloiig  the  rive 
to  the  Horse-shoe  fall,  pursuing  the  pathway  at  the  foot  of 
the  cliff,  with  vast  musses  of  rock  impending  over  and  seem- 
ing about  to  fall  ••>pon  you,  though  in  reality,  there  is  httle 
danger.  Having  reached  the  cataract,  you  gaze  up  far,  far 
above  you,  at  Uij  overhanging  cliff,  the  Terrapin  rocks,  and 
the  never  ceasing  torrent  dashed  to  foam  upon  the  huge  lime- 
stone rocks,  v'hich  have  evidently  been  torn  from  the  preci- 
pice above.  From  here  also  an  excellent  view  of  the  mag- 
nificent cascade  presente  itself.  If  the  wind  is  favorable, 
you  can  pass  some  distance  behind  the  sheet,  and  view  it  in 
all  its  greatness  and  sublimity. 

Retrace  your  steps  and  passing  the  Biddle  stair-case,  you 
reach  the  Lower  Fishing-Rock,  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the 
island,  where  you  gain  the  best  view  of  the  American  fall 
that  is  to  be  had,  except  from  the  rive  ^  directly  in  front  of 
it.  You  are  struck  with  its  lovely  beauty,  its  majestic  and 
sublime  proportions,  and  its  great  height ;  a  sceiie  that  makes 
a  deep  impress  upon  the  memory. 

Ascending  the  sloping  bank  to  the  Centre  Fall,  pause  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Cave  of  the  Winds^  to  look  u^  at  the  pro- 
jecting cliff,  far  over  which  falls  the  sparkling  toneril,  while 
below  you  are  piles  of  rock  on  which  th(  torrent  lashes 
itself  into  foam  and  spray.  Descending  the  ♦eps  of  the  ca- 
vern, you  have  before  you  still  another  subliuie  set-  e ;  on  the 
one  side  rises  a  huge  wall  of  rock,  while  oi;  the  other  is  the 
falling  sheet  Torminga  beautiful  arch.  Reaching  the  bottom, 
and  gaining  the  centre  and  back  of  the  cave,  the  sights  and 


I  A 


OBJECTS    ON    IIlIS    ISLAND. 


153 


Bounds  of  the  rushing  waters,  and  of  the  n^verberating  winds* 
pent  up  in  their  rocky  confines,  will  thrill  your  very  soul 
with  emotions  never  to  be  forgotten.  The  cavo  is  100  It. 
wide,  30  ft.  deep,  and  130  feet  high;  the  bottom  is  composed 
of  loose  stones,  which  have  fallen  from  above,  and  slopes 
gradually  down  to  the  front,  where  it  terminates  in  a  preci- 
pice 34  ft.  high  from  the  water.  The  sheet  of  water  on  the 
one  side,  and  the  projecting  rock  on  the  other  form  a  natural 
and  noble  arch.  The  winds  keeping  the  spray  in  constant 
agitation,  completely  drench  you  before  leaving  the  cave. 

Leaving  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  you  reach  a  narrow  space 
at  the  foot  of  Prospect  island,  between,  and  commanding 
fine  views  of  the  Central  and  American  falls.  Then  pass 
behind  the  American  falls  as  far  as  you  dare;  which  it  is 
supposed  can  be  done  for  its  entire  length.  Returning,  as- 
cend the  Biddle  staircase,  resume  your  ordinary  dress,  and 
proceeding  up  the  river,  complete  the  circuit  of  the  island, 
passing  the  Horse-shoe  Falls  and  Terrapin  Rocks.  In  your 
route  you  have  beautiful  views  of  the  wild  rapids ;  of  four 
small  islands,  between  one  of  which  covered  with  moss,  and 
Iris  island,  is  a  beautiful  cataract  in  miniature ;  of  the  tur- 
bulent river,  with  Schlosser  on  the  left,  Chippewa  far  off  to 
the  right,  and  Grand,  Navy,  and  other  islands  in  the  distance ; 
and  of  the  American  rapids.  Near  the  end  of  your  circuit 
you  pass  the  log  house,  formerly  occupied  by  Fraucis  Abbott, 
the  Hermit  of  the  Falls.  The  Garden  is  a  pretty  f  i?o!:,  con- 
taining some  excellent  fruit  trees,  a  variety  of  plu.uts  and 
flowers,  and  a  fish  pond.  Re-cross  the  bridge,  thence  to 
your  Hotel,  and  when  ready  to  view  the  falls  from  the  Ca- 
nada side,  the  ensuin*^  directions  will  be  of  use  to  you.  In 
the  evening,  if  it  is  moonlight,  make  another  visit  to  Iris 
island,  and  it  will  then  appt^ar  still  more  lovely. 

Leaving  your  hotel,  take  another  look  at  the  American 
fall  from  Prospect-point,  and  pass  on  to  the  Ferry  railroad 


% 


-.is&^V 


154 


NIAGARA    FALLS. 


|;? 


and  stair  case,  constructed  by  Judge  Porter  in  1845.  The 
route  for  the  railroad  ia  formed  by  blasting  the  solid  rock  for 
a  ppace  of  25  ft.  in  width  and  100  ft.  in  length  from  the  bank 
of  the  river.  In  this  chasm  an  inclined  plane  320  ft.  in 
length,  with  an  angle  of  35  degrees,  is  constructed ;  on  this 
is  a  double  track  for  the  cars,  which  are  propelled  by  motive 
power  obtained  by  diverting  a  small  stream  from  the  Ame- 
rican Fall  upon  an  overshot  wheel.  A  stair  uuse  is  formed 
parallel  with  the  railroad,  thus  giving  you  the  choice  of  two 
modes  of  descent,  for  neither  of  which  is  a  charge  made. 
About  half  way  down,  where  the  staircase  turns  to  th^  right, 
you  obtain  a  beautiful  view  of  the  American  fall  and  partial 
ones  of  the  others  j  which  it  is  well  worth  while  to  do,  as  from 
every  point  that  you  view  either  of  the  falls,  they  present 
just  so  many  different  appearances.  Having  reached  the 
bank  of  the  river,  pass  up  it  and  you  will  have  another  ex- 
cellent view  of  the  American  fall,  behind  which,  if  the  wind 
i«  favourable,  you  pass  for  some  distance  without  being  in- 
commoded by  the  spray. 

Returning  from  thence  to  the  ferry,  you  are  carried  across 
the  river,  which  is  76  rods  wide,  in  a  short  lime,  for  which 
you  pay  between  the  months  of  May  and  November  181 
cents ;  at  other  reasons  25  cts.  When  in  the  middle  of  the 
stream  a  splendid  view  of  the  circle  of  great  cataracts  meets 
your  delighted  gaze.  Reaching  the  Canada  shore  you  ascend 
it  by  a  fine  carriage-road,  leading  up  to  the  Clifton  House,  at 
the  top  of  the  bank ;  and  from  thence  for  the  whole  distance 
to  Table  Rock,  the  finest  and  most  magnificent  of  all  the  upper 
views  of  tho  falls  meets  the  eye. 

If  the  other  views  have  created  wonder  and  delight,  how 
much  more  will  the  view  f  o  n  Table  Rock,  take  from  you 
the  power  of  adequately  expressing  your  awe  and  admiration 
at  the  sight  now  before  you  ?  Table  Rock  150  ft.  high  pro- 
jects over  the  bank,  and  beyond  the  curve  of  the  cascade  to 


>Aw    /   . . 


,^^L.t^> 


TABLE    ROC  K — T  E  R  M  I  N  A  T  I  O  N    ROCK. 


155 


a  considerable  distance ;  and  (hence  from  itn  tabular  anpcct, 
it«  name.  It  was  formerly  much  more  extensive  than  at 
present,  large  portions  having  been  broken  off  by  the  fall,  at 
three  different  periods,  viz.  in  1818,  '28,  and  '29  j  and  a  deep 
iissure  shows  that  at  no  very  distant  period  a  similar  occur- 
rence is  likely  to  happen.  Creep  to  the  edge  of  the  rock, 
and  look  down,  tho  sensation  is  awful,  and  will  make  tho 
stoutest  nerves  shudder.  The  shape  or  outline  of  the  British 
fall  is  undergoing  almost  constant  change;  in   1678  it  wan 


nearly 


straight 


across ;   since  then  it  has  taken  different 


shapes,  from  one  of  which  it  derived  the  na|ie  of  Horse-shoe, 
a  shape  which  it  does  not  now  present.  This  would  seem  to 
be  a  strong  proof  in  favour  of  the  theory  advocated  by  Mr. 
Lyell,  the  celebrated  English  geologist,  and  others,  viz.  that 
for  a  vast  Lumber  of  years  the  falls  liave  been  constantly 
wearing  their  way  through  the  channel  from  Queenston  and 
Lewiston  until  they  have  reached  their  present  position,  and 
are  still  constantly  retrograding.  It  is  certain  that  the  falls 
do  not  now  present  the  same  appearance  they  did  a  few  years 
since. 

Returning  from  Table  Rock  to  the  Stair  Case^  you  procure 
proper  apparel  and  a  guide  to  visit  Termination  Rockj  which 
is  behind  the  great  sheet.  From  the  foot  of  the  stairs,  you 
take  the  path  to  the  right  and  arrive  at  the  entrance  of  the 
cavern  which  you  are  about  to  explore.  Here,  and  from  the 
margin  of  tho  river  you  fully  realize  the  vast  height,  weight, 
and  proportions  of  the  falling  torrent.  Following  your  guide 
you  enter  the  space  behind  the  sheet,  through  a  heavy  shower 
of  spray  which  nearly  blinds  and  suffocates  you,  until  you 
reach  Termination  Rock,  where  it  is  more  open  and  you 
breathe  more  freely.  Standing  on  the  narrow  ledge  of  three 
feet  in  width,  and  gazin_g  up  at  the  huge  arch  of  rock  and 
water  which  appears  ready  to  fall  upon  and  crush  you,  and 
down  20  ft.  at  a  steep  precipice  and  a  flashing  sheet  becoming 


ft 


■Jlpwi^fewiniiT'iiririTS 


156 


NIAGARA    FALLS. 


«■*   -t.  T 


I 


invisible  in  the  rising  mists,  your  sensations  are  unutterably 
peculiar,  and  you  are  strongly  fascinated  to  the  spot. 

Returning  from  the  cavern,  change  your  dress,  register 
your  name,  and  receive  a  certificate  that  you  have  been  to 
Termination  Rock.  On  the  route  to  the  ferry,  you  can  visit 
Mr.  BarnctVs  museum  of  natural  and  artificial  curiosities,  and 
from  his  piazza  enjoy  a  splendid  view ',  and  also  see  at  the 
Camera  Obscura,  the  moving  representation  of  the  Falls  in 
miniature.  On  crossing  the  river  you  again  have  another 
glorious  view. 

If  you  have  lime,  on  arriving  at  the  foot  of  the  Ferry  stair- 
case, turn  to  your  left,  and  pursue  the  rather  rough  and  fa- 
tiguing path  along  the  top  of  the  sloping  bank  for  three 
fourths  of  a  mile,  until  you  reach  Catlings  cave,  so  named 
from  its  discoverer.  It  consists  of  a  round  hollow  in  the  centre 
of  a  large  and  nearly  spherical  rock ;  and  is  6  ft.  in  diame- 
ter, entered  by  a  circular  aperture,  about  4  ft.  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  rock.  A  fine  spring  courses  along  the  bottom  of 
the  cavity.  The  GianVs  cave,  beyond  and  some  distance 
above  Catlin's,  in  the  rocks,  is  difficult  of  access,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  formed  by  the  disruption  of  large  masses 
of  rock.  Some  very  fine  specimens  of  minerals  and  petrified 
moss  are  to  be  had  here.  . .-   -^ 

If  you  remain  for  a  few  days  at  the  Falls,  they  should  be 
visited  several  times,  as  they  increase  in  interest  and  beauty 
at  every  succeeding  visit. 


w 


PLACES  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF  THE  FALLS. 


A  good  plan  for  seeing  the  various  places  down  the  river 
is  to  pass  down  the  American  side  to  Lewiston  7  m.,  and 
return  on  the  Canada  shore.  Omnibusses  leave  Niagara 
Falls  village  every  hour,  for  the  Mineral  Spring,  Whirlpool, 
and  Devil's  Hole ;  private  conveyances  can  also  be  had  j  but 


f 


r  o  f  V    »  1  ii  it  1     H  (■■,  1- 1,  u  K  I)  Kugravfifi  for  Teck  s  Touri.iU^ojiipbniort  , 


^' 


■f;f^^-7':;:^. 


V 


\   ^ 


■***tii .1  ,m.  »w.  ■!■■■  mi..  iJL. 


""!». 


MINERAL    SPRING,    WHIRLPOOL,    ETC.      157 

walking  is  preferable,  as  the  route  is  through  beautiful  and 
romantic  scenery,  aud  the  various  objects  can  be  examined 
more  thoroughly. 

Point  View,  three  fourths  of  a  mile  below  the  ferry,  affords 
a  splendid  though  distant  view  of  the  Falls ;  the  river  flows 
smoothly  by  at  a  depth  of  200  ft. 

The  Mineral  Spring  li  m.  farther,  wells  up  between  the 
rocks  and  is  collected  in  a  stone  l)asin.  It  contains  sulphu- 
ric and  muriatic  acids,  lime  and  magnesia,  and  is  useful  in 
scrofulous,  rheumatic,  and  cutaneous  complaints.  Over  the 
spring  is  constructed  a  neat  building  in  the  Grecian  style. 

The  Whirlpool  1  m.  farther,  is  almost  as  tremendous  as 
the  maelstrom  of  Norway.  For  some  distance  before  reach- 
ing it  the  river  flows  with  great  rapidity  and  turbulence,  be- 
tween two  very  lofty  walls,  nearly  300  ft.  high,  and  here  makes 
an  acute  angle  in  its  course  turning  abruptly  off  to  the  right. 
Every  thing  is  drawn  into  the  vortex  where  they  are  whirled 
round  for  several  days  in  the  outer  circles,  and  finally  drawn 
down  perpendicularly  with  great  force,  and  shot  out  again 
at  a  distance  of  many  rods.  This  terrible  nptv.ral  curiosity 
cannot  be  seen  with  clearness  from  its  lofty  •  anks,  but  a 
long  and  winding  series  of  steps  leads  to  the  base  of  the  cliff, 
where  it  can  be  seen  to  great  advantage. 

The  DeviVs  Hole,  i  a  m.  farther,  is  a  f^ark  cove  or  chasm, 
150  ft.  deep  in  the  rocky  bank,  wild,  rugged  and  massive, 
from  which  a  noble  view  of  the  river  and  gulf  is  presented. 
A  party  of  British  while  retreating  from  Schlosser  before  the 
French  and  Indians,  during  the  French  war,  were  destroyed 
at  this  place  and  out  of  over  a  hundred  persons,  only  two 
escaped.  The  >ottom  is  reached  t/ descending  the  rocky 
crags  with  great  toil,  until  you  reach  the  river's  bank. 

From  the  hill  near  the  Devil's  Hole,  a  most  lovely  and 
picturesque  view  is  presented  of,  Queenston  Heights,  Brock's 
Monument,  the  plains  and  villages  below  the  remainder  of 

0 


'I 


.■^^ 


Mi- 


158 


VICINITY    OF    THE    FALLS. 


the  river's  course,  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  hills  and  forests  in 
the  background. 

HewleWs  cellar,  about  3  m.  farther,  is  a  singular  cavity  of 
triangular  shape,  in  the  rock  about  15  ft.  below  the  top  of 
the  bank  ,  it  seems  to  be  formed  by  the  breaking  out  of  two 
immense  masses  from  the  limestone  rock. 

About  a  mile  larther,  the  mountain  plain  through  which 
Niagara  fioyti,  terminates  abruptly ;  the  banks  on  either  side 
are  nearly  400  fi .  in  height  and  below  in  the  plain  on  the 
American  side  is  Lewiston,  and  on  the  opposite  side  the 
village  of  Qaeenston.  From  the  heights  you  behold  a  glo- 
rious prospect  of  plains,  villages,  forts,  and  the  lake  in  the 
distance. 

Lewistoiij  7  m.  below  the  Falls,  and  7  m.  from  Lake  Onta- 
rio, is  a  thriving  village  containing  about  1000  inhabitants, 
situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation.  It  was  de- 
stroyed during  the  war  of  1812,  and  rebuilt,  with  much  neat- 
ness and  taste,  in  1815.  It  is  connected  with  Lockport,  and 
the  Falls  by  railroads,  and  with  Qiieenston  by  a  ferry.  Hotel; 
Frontier  House,  excellent. 

Crossing  the  river  by  the  ferry  to  Queenstorij  to  return  by 
the  Canada  side  to  the  Falls;  your  first  visit  is  to  Gen. 
Brock's  Monument,  and  the  scene  of  his  death. 

The  Battle  of  Queenston,  was  fought  on  the  13th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1812.  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  who  had  command  of  the 
American  troops  at  Lewiston,  determined  on  crossing  over 
and  taking  possession  of  the  heights.  He  ascended  the  ra- 
vine, rising  nearly  300  ft.  above  the  river,  amid  the  fire  of 
the  enemy  from  their  breastworks  on  the  heights.  The 
British  retreated  to  the  village,  and  were  about  to  be  led  on 
again  by  Gen.  Brock  when  he  received  his  mortal  wound  j 
his  aid  Col.  McDonald,  then  taking  the  command,  lud  them 
on,  and  gaining  the  heights  was  himself  mortally  wounded. 
The  Americans  being  overpowered  by  superior  numbers,  in 


^ 


;?| 


A.„ 


brock's    MONUMEN  T — L  U  N  D  V  '  S    LANE.       1 59 

attempting  to  regain  their  own  side  of  the  river,  lost  in  killed 
and  taken,  1000  men. 

The  Monument  to  Gen.  Brock  and  his  aid  Col.  McDonald, 
was  erected  by  the  Provincial  Legislature ;  it  stands  Jjpon 
the  highest  elevation,  and  is  composed  of  freestone.  It  was 
a  fine  specimen  of  architecture,  of  the  spiral  form,  126  ft. 
high;  but  was  entirely  ruined  it  having  been  blown  up  with 
gunpowder  by  some  villains  on  the  night  of  the  17th  April, 
1840. 

Passing  up  the  bank  of  the  river,  nearly  opposite  the 
Devil's  Hole,  is  a  similar  chasm,  though  not  so  large. 

About  half  a  mile  farther  is  the  Whirlpool,  excellent  views 
of  which  can  be  had  either  from  above,  or  by  descending  the 
bank.  From  Bencackie  Point,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Whirl- 
pool, the  view  presented  is  the  mjst  imposing. 

The  Muddy  Run.  a  small  stream  a  short  distance  above, 
falls  over  the  precipice  and  forms  quite  a  beautiful  cascade. 

Benderh  Cave  or  Devil's  Den,  about  H  m.  further,  is  a 
natural  curiosity,  being  a  hollow  of  the  shape  of  an  oven,  in 
the  rock  about  20  ft.  below  the  top  of  the  bank. 

For  the  remainder  of  the  route  you  have  partial  and  distant 
views  of  the  Falls,  until  you  arrive  at  the  Clifton  House. 

Drummondville,  3  m.  N.  W.  of  the  Falls,  is  reached  by 
following  the  road  up  the  bank,  in  front  of  the  Clifton  House, 
which  leads  directly  to  the  battle-ground.  The  important 
battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  was  fought  on  July  25th,  1814.  Gen. 
Scotfj  aid  Gen.  Ripley  with  their  brigades  met  the  British 
under  Gen.  Drummond  who  were  advancing  towards  Chip- 
pewa with  a  force  which  had  been  considerably  augmented 
since  their  defeat  at  Chippewa,  on  the  5th.  The  British  had 
fcelected  their  ground  for  (he  night,  just  below  the  falls,  in- 
tandiiig  to  attack  the  American  camp  before  daylight.  The 
action  began  ut  7  i/t'lcu  k  in  the  evening,  and  was  fought  for 


ICO 


VICINITY   OF    THE    FALLS. 


several  hours  with  great  bravery  by  both  sides,  the  moon 
shining  brightly.  Both  armies  claimed  the  victory,  though 
neither  were  willing  to  renew  the  conflict.  The  British  loss 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  was  878,  and  the  Ameri- 
can loss  860.  Some  of  the  buildings  on  the  hill,  the  posses- 
sion of  which  was  so  obstinately  contested,  still  retain  marks 
of  the  combat.  A  church,  tavern,  and  burying-ground 
where  many  of  the  slain  were  buried,  are  on  the  hill. 

The  Burning  Spring,  half  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  is 
reached  by  crossing  the  ferry  to  the  Canada  side ;  then  fol- 
low the  uf'^er  bank  to  the  Pavilion  Hotel,  whce  you  have  a 
new  vie-  ''  ihe  falls ;  pass  the  Barracks,  and  continue  on  to 
Street's  Point,  .  ^  ire  you  have  the  best  and  grandest  view 
of  the  Canada  rapids ;  pass  round  the  deep  inlet  which  sepa- 
rates Cynthia  islands  from  the  main  land,  to  the  Burning 
Spring  on  the  S.  side.  The  water  is  warm  and  surcharged 
with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  which  burns  with  a  clear 
steady  flame  when  ignited.  It  is  enclosed  in  a  small  build- 
ing, which  when  closed  becomes  filled  with  gas. 

Chippewa,  1  ra.  above,  is  visited  for  its  battle  field,  S.  of 
the  village.     See  p.  144. 

The  Welland  Canal,  8  m.  W.  of  ihe  Falls,  is  frequently 
visited.  It  affords  a  passage  for  steamers  and  schooners  of 
450  tons  around  the  Falls,  and  connects  lake  Erie  with  lake 
Ontario.  It  is  42  m.  long,  56  ft.  wide,  and  from  8^  to  16  ft. 
deep;  the  whole  descent  from  one  lake  to  the  other  is  334  ft., 
which  is  accomplished  by  22  locks  constructed  of  granite. 
It  has  a  deep  cut  through  the  mountain  ridge  45  ft.  deep, 
where  an  immense  amouiit  of  earth  and  rocks  was  removed ; 
it  wai  completed  in  1829,  and  cost  $1,000,000.  It  was  en- 
larged and  greatly  improved  in  1845-6. 


,v. 


NIAGAHA    TO    MONTREAL    AND    QUEBEC.      161 


'  FROM    NIAGARA  FALLS   TO   MONTREAL   AND   QUEBEC. 

I.  By  Steamboat  from  Lewiston,  by  way  of  Lake  Ontario 
to  Oswego,  from  thence  to  Sacketl's  Harbor,  and  thence 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  touching  at  Ogdensburgh,  and 
other  places  on  the  river  to  Coteau  da  Lac,  thence  by  stage 
to  the  Cascade,  16  m.,  thence  by  steamboat  to  Lachine  22  m., 
thence  by  stage  to  Montreal  9  m.     See  p.  166. 

IL  By  Steaniboai  from  Lewiston,  across  Lake  Ontario  to 
Toronto  52  m.,  Kingston  180  m.,  and  most  of  the  places  of 
note  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  Lake,  thence  down  the  St. 
Lawrence,  as  above.     See  below. 

in.  By  R.  R.  to  Queenston  on  the  Canada  side,  thence  by 
steamboat  as  above. 

Besides  the  above  main  routes,  travellers  can  take  the 
R.  R.  to  Buffalo,  and  thence  by  R.  R.  to  Rochester,  and  there 
take  the  steamboat  on  Lake  Ontario  :  or 

They  can  leave  the  Falls  by  R.  R.  to  Lockport,  and  thence 
by  can£d  or  stage  to  Rochester,  thence  by  S.  B. 

Travellers  about  to  make  the  tour  from  the  Falls  take  the 
railroad  to  Lewiston  7  m.  on  the  American  side,  or  by  R.  R. 
on  the  Canada  side  to  Queenston ;  from  either  place  by  steam- 
boat down  the  Niagara  river,  which  is  now  wider  and  more 
tranquil  than  above  Lewiston,  and  its  clear  waters  flowing 
between  even  and  regular  banks,  it  assumes  as  lovely  an 
appearance  as  it  was  before  majestic. 

Youngstown,  6  m.  is  a  quiet  little  place,  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  American  shore,  and  contains  about  300  inhabitants; 
it  was  burnt  by  the  British  during  the  late  war. 

Fort  George,  and  the  town  of  Niagara,  are  nearly  opposite. 
The  fort  now  in  ruins,  was  the  scene  of  several  severe  con- 
11  q2 


1G2     NIAOARA    TO    MONTREAL    AND    QUEBEC. 


tests  in  1813.  as  was  aiso  the  whole  irontier  on  the  Canada 
side  as  high  up  as  Fort  Erie,  opposite  Buffalo. 

Niagara  is  advantageously  situated,  and  is  the  oldest  town 
on  the  river.  It  contains  4  churches,  10  taverns,  a  Dry 
Dock  company  with  banking  privileges,  many  neat  dwell- 
ings, and  about  3,000  inhabitants.  Large  qn;  titles  of  ma- 
chinery are  made,  and  steamboats  and  other  vessels  built. 
The  spring  and  fall  Races  over  the  course  are  well  attended, 
and  are  generally  very  good.  The  town  was  burnt  by  the 
American  forces  in  1813,  which  was  retaliated  by  burning 
all  the  villages  on  the  American  shore  of  Niagara  r. 

Fort  Massasauga,  li  m.  below  St.  George,  stands  on  the 
extreme  point  of  the  peninsula,  at  the  junction  of  the  river 
with  the  lake.  It  is  constructed  of  earth,  with  a  large  sep- 
tagonal  stone  block  house  in  the  centre ;  and  is  well  garri- 
soned and  in  good  repair. 

Fort  Niagara,  similarly  situated  on  the  American  side,  is 
now  ably  garisoned  by  U.  States  troops,  and  was  recently 
strengthened,  enlarged,  and  improved.  It  was  originally  set- 
tled by  the  French  in  1679,  under  M.  de  la  Salle,  the  ex- 
plorer of  the  Mississippi.  In  1725,  the  French  constructed 
the  most  ancient  portion  of  the  fort,  which  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  British  under  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  in  1759,  when 
the  magazine  and  other  defences  were  built.  In  1796,  it 
was  evacuated  and  given  up  to  the  United  States,  in  whoso 
hands  it  remained  until  it  was  surprised  by  the  British  dur- 
ing the  late  war;  it  was  retained  by  them  until  the  peace 
of  1815,  when  it  was  again  surrendered  to  the  U.  States. 
Many  dark  tales  are  told  of  inhuman  cruelties  practised  in 
former  times  within  the  precincts  of  the  fort,  most  cf  which 
are  no  doubt,  much  exaggerated. 

The  steamboat  now  crosses  the  W,  end  of  Lake  Ontario, 
to  Toronto,  Canada  West.    On  the  W.  shore  of  the  lake  aio 


<^H 


LAKE    ONTARIO TORONTO 


163 


several  large  and  flourishing  places,  as  Hairilton,  Dundas, 
Burlington,  Oakville,  &c. 


:'!S 


LAKE  ONTARIO, 


The  easternmost  and  smallest  in  extent  of  the  five  great 
lakes,  is  connected  with  the  upper  lakes  by  Niagara  river, 
and  dischargees  its  waters  by  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  190  m. 
long,  55  m.  wide  in  its  widest  part,  and  about  480  m.  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  very  deep,  is  seldor  frozen,  has  many 
good  harbour?  anu  receives  numerous  rivers  and  creeks.  It 
is  subject  to  vj  lent  storms  and  heavy  swells,  but  the  steam- 
boats and  canal  boats  having  a  heavy  draught,  navigate  it 
safely.  It  is  connected  with  the  Erie  and  Hudson  canal  by 
the  Oswego  and  Erie  canals,  and  with  the  lakes  by  the  Wel- 
land  canal  around  the  falls  of  Niagara ;  and  by  their  means 
vast  quantities  of  articles  are  transported  through  it.  The 
lake  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  size,  and  numer- 
ous splendid  steamboats  and  other  craft  ply  in  its  waters.  In 
crossing  the  lake  in  calm  weather,  frequently  neither  shore 
can  be  seen ;  the  refractions  that  take  place  in  summer  are 
exceedingly  beautiful.  Islands  and  trees  api'i^-ar  turned  up- 
side down,  and  the  white  surf  of  the  beach,  jppears  to  be 
white  smoke  curling  over  your  head. 


* 


TORONTO 


180  m.  W.  of  Kingston,  and  45  m.  E.  of  Ha.nilton  by  steam- 
boat, is  delightfully  situated  at  the  head  of  ■  ■  ■»  bay.  It  is  a 
neat  and  handsome  city,  partly  built  of  brick,  with  spacious 
streets  crossing  each  other  at  rigb*  angles,  and  well  paved 
and  lighted  with  gas;  the  city  is  sjpplied  w'th  wa  er  by 
works  lately  erected.  It  has  a  commanding  appearance  in 
ascending  the  harbour,  and  contains  Parliament,  Govern- 
ment, and  Court  houses  ;  a  College  consisting  of  five  brick 


I^hi- 


164 


NIAGARA    TO    MO       I' REAL. 


buildings,  the  central  one  Burmounted  by  an  ornamental 
dome,  with  spacious  grounds;  a  jail,  city-hall,  lunatic  asy- 
lum, 14  churches,  5  banks,  and  a  population  of  about  18,000. 

Toronto  founded  by  Gov.  Simcoe  in  1794,  was  burnt  by 
the  Americans  in  1813,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in  1834,  when 
it  contained  9,254  inhabitants,  which  has  been  doubled  in 
ten  years ;  it  has  also  much  increased  in  trade  and  import- 
ance. Its  name  signifies  in  the  Indian  language,  '  a  place 
of  meeting.'  ,    .        ; 

Hotels;  North  American,  facing  the  bay;  and  Stone's  Ho- 
tel in  King  st.  j  kept  on  the  English  plan,  furnishing  a  lunch 
at  noon,  and  a  late  dinner. 

Steamboats  leave  Toronto  daily,  Sundays  excepted,  for 
Hamilton  45  m;  for  Niagara  and  Lewiston  45  m. ;  for  Kings- 
ton ISO  m. ;  and  Rochester  100  m.  The  American  lines  be- 
tween Lewiston  and  Ogdensburgh  also  touch  at  Toronto  and 
Kingston. 

Stages  leave  Toronto,  for  Qwienston  100  m.  via  Etobicoke 
9  m.  Cooksville  7,  Credit  4,  Trai..i;.j:ar  3,  Palermo  7,  Nelson  5, 
Hamilton  13,  Stony  Cr.  7,  Grimeby  10,  Beamsville  6,  St.  Ca- 
tharine's 14,  and  Queenston  15.  For  Holland  Landing  at  the 
^oot  of  Simcoe  Lake,  thence  by  steamer  three  times  a  week 
to  various  places  on  the  lake.  For  Kingston  170  m.  via  Hope 
60,  Coburg  73,  Colbourn  89,  and  Belleville  119. 

On  leaving  Toronto  by  steamboat  you  descend  the  com- 
modious and  beautiful  harbour,  with  Gibraltar  poirit  on  the 
left  hand  side,  a  narrow  and  sandy  strip  of  land  3  m.  long 
w^ith  a  lighthouse  at  the  end ;  and  the  lake  shore  on  the  right, 
with  its  fort  and  block  houses  commanding  the  entrance. 

Port  Hope  60  m.  is  a  flourishing  place  with  about  2500  in- 
habitants, settled  mostly  upon  several  hills,  and  giving  it  a 
picturesque  appearance.  On  Port  Hope  r.  are  several  manu- 
factories. 


C  O  B  U  R  G — K  1  N  G  S  T  ON. 


105 


Coburg.  7  m.  a  pretty  town,  well  laid  out,  stands  on  ground 
slightly  elevated,  and  is  ^^een  to  advantage  from  the  lake.  It 
contains  6  chinches,  the  Victoria  College,  and  about  3000  in- 
habitants ;  it  is  connected  with  the  mouth  of  Genesee  r.  80  m. 
by  a  steamboat,  fare  $2.00  in  the  cabin,  Sl.Oo  on   'eck. 

Fifty  Mile  point  extends  into  the  lake  fo  r,  e  distance 
and  is  so  called  from  being  50  m.  from  Kim 

Fai  ^e  Duck's  island,  Amherst,  Gage,  Grai  ti«f 

the  Thousand  IsleSf  all  belong  to  the  English  ..  ,.  assed 
before  reaching 

KINGSTON, 


180  m.  from  Toronto  and  212  S.  W.  of  Montreal.  The  city 
is  advantageously  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  St.  Law* 
rence  r.  at  its  connection  with  lake  Ontario.  It  contains  the 
Parliament  house,  government  offices,  soldiers'  barracks,  a 
penitentiary,  courthouse,  jail,  custom  house,  a  new  and 
splendid  town  hall  and  market,  7  churches,  4  banks,  and 
about  10,000  inhabitants.  The  city  occupies  the  site  of  Fort 
Frontenac  erected  by  the  French  in  1672;  it  was  founded 
in  1783,  and  chartered  in  1840.  The  harbour  is  formed  by 
Point  Frederick,  a  narrow  peninsula  running  'iito  the  lake, 
on  which  is  the  navy  yard  and  depot,  and  at  its  extremity  a 
battery.  Point  Henry  a  high  rocky  ridge  forming  the  E.  side 
of  Navy  bay,  extends  into  the  lake  for  half  a  mile,  and  is 
crowned  by  Fort  Henry,  a  strong  fortification  commanding 
Kingston  and  its  harbour,  and  all  approaches  to  the  city, 
either  by  land  or  water.  Next  to  Quebec  and  Halifax  it  is 
considered  the  strongest  military  position  in  British  America. 
The  Navy  Yard  and  Fortifications,  can  be  seen  by  procuring 
an  order  from  the  commandant ;  they  are  well  worth  visiting. 

Hotels;  British- American  hotel;  Lampton  House;  and  the 
Royal  Exchange. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/. 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


145 


US 

us 


I 
Ml 


2.5 


2.2 


2 

*-     I. 

U    11.6 


PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


A* 


^ 


160 


NIAGARA    TO   MONTREAL. 


The  Mineral  Springs  within  the  city  limits  near  the  Par- 
liament House,  are  unusually  strong,  and  of  great  medical 
value,  containing  carbonate  and  chloride  of  lime,  magnesia, 
sodium,  and  calcium.  Extensive  bath  houses  and  other  ac- 
commodations have  been  erected,  and  they  are  becoming 
annually  more  visited. 

The  Rideau  Canal  extending  to  Bytown  on  the  river  Ot- 
tawa, 100  m.  has  added  much  to  thd  increase  of  Kingston. 
Seep.  173.  ,    ,  - 

Route  continued  on  next  page.  ■<    .        ^ 

^        ROUTES   ON   THE   AMERICAN    SIDE. 


« 


Jf 


¥rom  Lewiston  by  steamboat  to  Toronto^  as  on  p.  164,  thence 
across  the  lake  to  Charlotte  near  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee 
r.  below  Rochester,  seep.  124.    Great  Sodus  Bay  35  m. 

Oswego,  28  m.  and  63  m.  from  Genesee  r.,  described  on 
p.  116. 

Sackett's  Harbour,  40  m.  is  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Black 
river  bay,  and  is  quite  a  flourishing  village.  It  has  a  most 
excellent  natural  harbour,  the  best  on  the  lake ;  and  was 
during  the  war  of  1812,  an  important  naval  and  military  sta- 
tion. It  contains  three  churches,  a  bank,  and  numerous  fac- 
tories and  mills.  The  U.  S.  Barracks  are  an  extensive  range 
of  stone  buildings,  on  the  shore  N.  £.  of  the  village,  and 
add  an  imposing  feature  to  the  place.  Two  forts  erected 
during  the  war  are  now  in  ruins ;  on  one  of  the  points  S.  of 
the  village  is  the  lighthouse.    Pop.  about  2000. 

Cape  Vincent  20  m.  is  opposite  to  Kingston,  described  on 
p.  165,  and  is  rounded  before  entering 

The  Lake  of  a  Thousand  Isles  ;  this  is  an  expansion  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  r.,  which  is  here  12  m.  wide,  and  is  so  called 
from  the  great  number  of  islands  stretching  along  its  channel 
for  30  m.    The  isles  are  of  every  size,  form,  height,  and  as- 


I 

y 


DESCENT   OF    THE    ST.  LAWRENCE. 


167 


pcibt ;  woody,  verdant,  rocky ;  naked,  smiling,  barren ;  and, 
presenting  a  succession  of  beautiful  and  picturesque  groups, 
the  route  through  them  is  delightfully  romantic. 

The  river  now  contracts  to  2  m.  in  width,  and  its  shores 
for  a  long  distance  are  mostly  covered  with  immense  and 
ancient  forests,  partially  cleared  away,  and  with  numerous 
villages  scattered  at  various  distances,  altogether  presenting 
a  grand  scene  of  varied  beauty. 

Guananoquiy  20  m.  below  Kingston  is  the  first  landing;  we 
next  pass  WelVs  Island,  opposite  Alexandria  on  the  American 
shore ;  Morristown  is  on  the  same  side. 

Brockville,  60  ra.  from  Kingston,  on  the  Canada  shore,  is 
delightfully  situated  and  contains  over  1500  inhabitants. 

Maitland  4  m.,  and  Prescott  72  m.  from  Kingston,  are  next 
on  the  Canada  side.  The  latter  contains  about  3,000  inhabit- 
ants, is  protected  by  Fort  Wellington  garrisoned  by  British 
troops,  and  is  connected  by  a  ferry  with 

Ogdensburg  on  the  American  side.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out  and  well  built,  on  a  beautiful  plain  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Oswegatchie  r.  There  are  in  the  town  5  churches,  2 
banks,  numerous  mills,  and  2526  inhabitants.  This  is  gene- 
rally the  end  of  the  American  steamboat's  trip,  and  passen- 
gers cross  to  Prescott,  and  from  thence  continue  their  tour.  » 

A  daily  line  of  steamboats  ascend  the  river  and  lake  to 
Lewiston.  Stages  leave  daily  for  Jt^latisburgh  120  m.  by  the 
S.  B.  route ;  and  for  the  same  place  tri-weekly  132  m.,  via  Fort 
Covington  intersecting  the  stage  for  Montreal,  distant  by  this 
route  140  m. 

Seven  miles  below,  the  Gdop  Rapids  in  the  river,  are  passed 
by  steamboats,  though  stopping  the  navigation  for  sail  vessels. 

Johnstown  9  m.  below  Prescott  on  the  Canada  side ',  Wad- 
dington  on  the  American  side  opposite  Ogden^s  island ;  and 
Mariastown  on  the  opposite  side,  are  small  towns  next  on  the 
route. 


■it:'M 


I 


168 


NIAGARA   TO   MONTREAL. 


From  Dickenson's  Landing  110  m.  below  Kingston;  the 
steamboat  passes  through  the  canal  to 

Cornwall  12  m.  a  small  town  containing  nearly  2000  inha- 
bitants; it  is  122  m.  below  Kingston,  and  90  m.  above  Mon- 
treal. 

<S^/.  Regis,  a  small  Indian  village  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  is  exactly  on  the  45th  degree  of  N.  latitude,  and  is 
partly  in  Canada  and  partly  in  the  U.  States,  that  being  the 
boundary  line.  The  St.  Lawrence  for  the  remainder  of  its 
course,  lies  wholly  within  the  British  provinces. 

The  St.  Lawrence  now  expands  for  a  distance  of  30  m. 
from  4  to  7  m.  wide,  having  the  name  of  Lake  St.  Francis. 

Lancaster  20  m.  from  Cornwall,  on  the  Canada  side,  is,  like 
it,  connected  with  the  Caledonia  Springs  30  m.  distant,  de- 
scribed on  p.  173.  :^'t,  ?. 

At  Coteau  du  Lac  20  m.,  steamboats  land  their  passengers, 
who  take  the  stage  to  the  Cascades  16  m.  thence  by  steam- 
boat through  Lake  St.  Louis  to  Lachine,  on  the  island  of  Mon- 
treal, 22  m.,  thence  by  stage  9  m.  to  Montreal. 

The  Beauharnois  canal,  now  constructing  from  Coteau  du 
Lac  to  the  Cascades,  16  m.,  will  form  f*  interrupted  means 
of  steamboat  navigation  around  the  rb^^.^s  to  Montreal,  after 
the  Lachine  canal  shall  be  widened. 

The  Rapids,  three  in  number,  form  grand  and  interesting 
features  in  the  scenery  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  They  commence 
at  Coteau  du  Lac  on  Lake  St.  Francis,  and  extend  thence 
2  m. ;  seven  miles  below  this  commences  the  Cedar  Rapids, 
which  extend  3  m. ;  the  Cascade  rapids  the  most  violent  ter- 
minate at  Lachine,  at  the  head  of  Lake  St.  Louis  where  the 
Ottowa  r.  joins  the  St.  Lawrence.  There  the  river  is  con- 
fined in  narrow,  rocky,  broken  channels,  through  which  it 
dashes  with  violence,  agitated  like  the  ocean  in  a  storm,  and 
having  a  considerable  fall  or  descent. 


■r- 


ip^  r.^t^j^ftiif. 


^;^^'''^mmm< 


mt 


ton,  the 

lOO  inha- 
ve  Mon- 
de of  the 
B,  and  is 
teing  the 
ler  of  its 

af  30  m. 
Vancis. 
e,  is,  like 
stant,  de- 

issengers, 
)y  steam- 
d  of  Mon- 


( I 


^Meaa  du 
ed  means 
real,  after 

iteresting 
ommence 
id  thence 
ir  Rapids, 
iolent  ter- 
jvhere  the 
er  is  con- 
which  it 
itorm,  and 


i 


!l 


*!%■■ 


If  \iiH 


M 


* 


MONTREAL. 


169 


MONTREAL 


Is  well  situated  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  the  island  of  the  same 
name,  and  stretches  along  the  river  for  2  m.  from  N.  to  S. 
and  has  nearly  the  same  breadth  inland.  It  is  the  second 
city  and  the  chief  seat  of  the  commerce  of  Lower  Canada ; 
142  m.  S.  W.  of  Quebec  in  a  direct  line ;  in  lat.  45°  30'  W., 
long.  730  25'  N.  J  Pop.  with  its  suburbs  nearly  50,000. 

Montreal  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  towns ; 
the  difference  in  the  elevation  is  but  slight,  but  the  former  is 
the  more  modern  and  handsomer  division.  The  principal 
streets  run  parallel  to  the  river  being  crossed  by  others  at 
right  angles.  Commissioners  st.  and  Water  st.  are  near  to 
the  river  and  next  Paul's  st,  the  chief  commercial  thorough- 
fare, running  parallel  with  the  river  the  whole  length  of  the 
city.  Notre-Dame  st.  may  be  styled  the  Broadway  of  Mon- 
treal. In  the  upper  town  and  suburbs,  which  are  mostly  in- 
habited by  the  principal  merchants,  many  of  the  houses  are 
handsomely  built  in  the  modern  style ;  but  in  the  lower  town 
they  are  chiefly  of  a  gloomy  looking  gray  stone,  with  dark  iron 
window  shutters,  and  the  roofs  covered  with  tin.  Many  of  the 
houses  in  the  suburbs  are  built  of  wood,  but  there  are  none 
within  the  space  once  encompassed  by  the  walls,  which  en- 
circled the  city,  and  were  destroyed  by  the  sanction  of  the 
government  some  years  ago.  Along  the  bank  of  the  river  is 
an  extensive  line  of  quays  and  warehouses,  which  have  an 
inward  curve.  The  appearance  of  this  city  and  of  Quebec  is 
more  like  that  of  old  European  towns  than  any  others  in 
America. 

The  principal  objects  of  interest  are  the  Roman  Catholic 
Cathedral  in  Notre  Dame  st.  fronting  the  Place  d'Armes,  the 
most  magnificent  church  in  British  America.    This  grand 

P 


r 


170 


MONTREAL. 


building  towers  above  the  surrounding  city  forming  the  most 
prominent  object  in  approaching  it  from  the  river.  It  was 
commenced  in  1824,  was  opened  in  1839,  and  entirely  com- 
pleted in  1843.  It  is  in  the  pointed  Gothic  style,  255  ft.  in 
length,  134  ft.  in  breadth,  faced  with  stone,  and  roofed  with  tin^ 
and  has  six  towers,  of  which  the  three  of  the  main  front  are 
220  ft.  in  height.  On  the  roof  is  a  promenade,  76  ft.  in  length 
by  20  in  breadth,  elevated  120  ft.  The  principal  window  is 
64  ft.  in  height  and  32  in  breadth.  The  interior  will  accom- 
modate 10,000  persons,  there  being  7  chapels,  9  spacious 
aisles,  and  1244  pews,  with  numerous  entrances  to  the  build- 
ing. The  summits  ot  tjie  towers  are  reached  by  steps  on 
the  inside,  from  whence  a  splendid  view  is  presented. 

The  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  is  a  large  and  commodious 
building  adjoining  the  cathedral,  surrounded  by  spacious 
gardens,  at  which  the  higher  branches  of  learning  are  taught. 

The  General  hospital,  erected  in  1821-2,  is  a  large  and 
well  built  edifice,  and  is  one  of  the  best  regulated  institutions 
of  the  kind.  The  Hotel  Dieu,  founded  in  1644,  is  a  large  " 
structure  occupied  by  a  superior  and  36  nuns,  whose  duty 
it  is  to  take  care  of  and  relieve  the  sick.  The  Seeurs  Noires 
have  an  extensive  convent  founded  in  1650;  it  is  occupied 
by  a  superior  and  60  nuns  who  educate  young  girls,  relieve 
the  aged  and  the  infirm,  the  Insane,  &c. 

The  principal  English  church  is  a  handsome  building  in 
the  Grecian  style,  surrounded  by  a  high  and  beautiful  spire. 
There  are  also  several  other  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a 
Scotch  kirk,  an  American  Protestant  church,  and  Methodist's, 
and  Scotch  dissenter's  chapels. 

The  courthouse  and  prison  are  substantial  buildings  occu- 
pying the  site  of  the  former  college  of  the  Jesuits.    The 
government-house,  bank,  barracks,  ordnance-ofRce,  and  four  , 
market-houses,  are  conspicuous  buildings. 

In  the  square  near  the  market  place  is  the  colossal  Statue 


./ 


*  /-- 


PUBLIC    BUILDINGS. 


171 


of  Nelson,  placed  on  a  Doric  column,  the  pedestal  ol  which 
has  bas-reliefs  representing  his  principal  actions. 

Montreal  has  a  college  with  a  principal  and  four  professors, 
a  royal  grammar  school,  parochial,  union,  national,  Sunday, 
and  other  public  schools.  McGill  college  endowed  by  a 
citizen  with  a  valuable  estate,  and  £10,000  in  money  is  con- 
ducted on  a  liberal  and  enlarged  scale.  The  Mercantile  Li- 
brary Association  is  a  useful  and  prosperous  institution,  has 
a  reading  room  and  library  of  3,934  vols,  and  sustains  a 
course  of  lectures. 

The  Museum  belonging  to  the  society  of  Natural  History, 
contains  an  excellent  collection. 

The  Parade  is  a  beautiful  public  ground,  on  which  the 
troops  are  usually  drilled. 

Montreal  also  contains  a  penitentiary,  a  house  of  industry, 
a  savings  bank,  a  mechanics'  institution,  several  public  ]!• 
braries,  an  excellent  news-room,  numerous  societies,  &c. 

The  trade  of  Montreal  is  very  extensive ;  its  position  at  the 
head  of  navigation^  as  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  the 
U.  States,  necessarily  causing  it  to  be  a  great  emporium. 
The  harbour  though  not  large  is  secure,  and  its  noble  quay 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 

The  accommodations  at  the  Hotels,  oi  -t/lilch,  the  Exchange 
Hotel,  Orr's  Hotel,  Ottawa  House,  Sword's  Hotel,  and  Ras- 
coe's  Hotel,  are  the  best,  are  not  of  the  fiist  order.  The  so- 
ciety is  very  good;  the  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic;  three  fourths  of  the  population  are  of  French  de- 
scent, the  remainder  are  emigrants  from  the  U.  Kingdom, 
Americans,  Iroquois  Indians,  &c.  The  traveller  can  spend 
several  days  very  pleasantly  in  visiting  the  public  buildings, 
the  nunneries,  or  enjoying  the  promenade  along  the  edge  of 
the  quay.  The  cab  and  caleche  hire  is  extremely  cheap ; 
^br  an  English  shilling  you  can  traverse  the  length  of  the 
city  and  return;  the  drivers  are  very  civil. 


1  t 


172       MONTREAL    TU    CALEDONIA    SPRINGS. 

1^  The  Island  of  Montreal  is  28  m.  in  length,  10  m.  in  its 
greatest  breadth,  and  about  70  m.  in  circumference.  It 
mostly  belongs  to  the  Seminary  of  the  order  of  St.  Sulpice, 
and  yields  a  large  revenue.  It  is  elevated  at  Mount  Royal, 
to  ihe  height  of  550  ft.,  on  which  handsome  residences  have 
been  erected.  The  island  of  St.  Helen,  imniediately  oppo- 
site the  city,  is  a  delightful  spot,  from  whence  is  had  a  fine 
view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  scenery.  It  is.  fortified  and 
garrisoned  by  British  troops. 
For  route  to  Quebec  see  p.  174. 

TO  CALEDONIA   SPRINGS    AND    CHAUDIERE    FALLS. 

The  citizens  of  Canada  annually  make  excursions  during 
the  warm  weather  to  the  above  places,  and  it  is  becoming 
more  customary  for  travellers  in  this  section  to  visit  them. 

From  Montreal  by  stage  to  Lachine,  where  tourists  take 
the  steamboat  up  the  Ottawa  river,  overcoming  the  nume- 
rous rapids  by  a  succession  of  locks,  for  132  m.  to  Bytown, 
where  the  Rideau  canal  commences. 

At  iS>(.  Anne^s  20  m.  above  Lachine,  the  rapids  and  the 
islands  are  avoided  by  a  lock  45  ft.  wide  and  180  ft.  long. 
This  is  the  spot  where  Tom  Moore  locates  the  scene  of  his 
celebrated  and  beautiful  Canadian  Boat  Song  commencing 

*'  Faintly  as  tolU  the  evening  chime." 

Two  miles  W.  of  St.  Anne,  the  Ottawa  expands  into  the  lake 
of  the  Two  Mountains,  and  a  branch  diverges  to  the  N.  E. 
forming  the  W.  boundary  of  the  island  of  Montreal. 

The  Indian  Village  of  the  Two  Mountains,  is  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  Ottawa,  30  m.  W.  of  Lachine.  It  is  inhabited 
by  the  remnants  of  the  Mohawk  and  Algonquin  tribes,  whose 
dwellings  are  separated  by  a  Roman  Catholic  church.  Here 
the  river  contracts  in  width  to  about  half  a  mile,  for  a  dis- 


W 


v\ 


CALEDONIA    SPRINGS — D  Y  T  O  W  N. 


173 


tance  of  a  mile^  and  then  expands  and  forms  the  Upper 
Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains,  for  9  ni.  when  it  again  contracts 
to  half  a  mile  in  width. 

We  next  yoisa  Regawly  and  at  Carillon  8  m.  farther,  avoid 
the  rapids  by  another  lock  and  canal.  At  this  place  tourists 
to  the  Caledonia  Springs,  take  the  stage  from  Point  Firrtune 
on  the  opposite  or  S.  side,  to  VOrigindj  a  delightful  ride  of 
18  m.,  amidst  picturesque  scenery,  on  the  S.  bank  of  tho 
river.    From  thence  to  Caledonia  Springs  9  m.  farther  S. 

Caledonia  Springs,  near  the  Grand  river,  in  the  Ottawa 
district,  are  about  75  m.  from  Montreal.  They  were  known 
only  to  a  few  hunters  till  1835,  when  an  attempt  was  made 
to  clear  the  forest  and  erect  houses.  In  1837  the  first  pub* 
lie  house  was  opened  for  visiters ;  since  then  several  others 
have  been  built,  as  also  a  Protestant,  and  a  Roman  Catholio 
church,  and  several  dwellings.  Besides  tho  accommoda- 
tions, there  have  been  added  a  billiard  room,  a  race-course, 
a  nine-pin  alley,  a  bathing  house,  and  a  circular  railway. 

The  principal  springs  are  the  White  Sulphur,  the  Saline, 
and  the  Gas  Spring.  The  waters  have  proved  of  great  benefit 
where  iodine  is  eiiicacious,  and  are  chiefly  beneficial  in 
cases  of  dyspepsia,  rheumatism,  and  cutaneous  diseases; 
pulmonary  diseases  are  not  benefitted  by  their  use.  Large 
quantities  of  the  water  are  annually  bottled,  and  the  visiters 
have  become  Kiuch  more  numerous  of  late  years. 

From  L'Original  we  ascend  the  Ottawa  r.  the  banks  of 
which  continue  to  present  wild  and  romantically  beautiful 
scenery,  for  55  m.  to 

By  TOWN,  120  m.  W.  of  Montreal,  and  130  m.  N.  E.  of 
Kingston,  by  canal  route.  It  is  situated  on  the  S.  W.  side 
of  the  river,  and  although  commenced  as  late  as  1827,  it  is 
now  a  thriving  and  business  place,  containing  about  5,000 
inhabitants,  a  courthouse  and  jail,  4  churches,  several  good 
hotels,  two  large  storehouses  for  the  use  of  the  ordnance  and 


1 1 


p2 


i  » 


174 


M  (>  N  T  HEAL    T  (>    Q  t  R  B  E  C. 


Commissariat  dupurtmonts,  3  Hubstantial  buildings  on  the 
highest  eminence  for  the  accommodation  of  troops,  an  ex- 
cellent military  hospital,  and  numerous  millf,  &o.  Bytown 
is  connected  with  Kingston  by  the  Hideau  canal  130  m.  in 
length,  constructed  by  the  home  government,  for  the  safe 
transportation  of  arms  and  ammunition  during  the  time  of 
war,  from  Kingston  to  Montreal. 

,  Above  the  entrance  of  the  canal  into  the  Ottawa  are  tho 
Chaudierk  Falls,  a  picturesque  and  magnificent  series  3  U  ft. 
perpendicular  in  the  whole.  The  Grande  Chaudiere  or  Big 
Kettle  at  the  broadest  channel  of  the  river,  is  so  called  from 
the  banin  into  which  it  falls,  being  over  300  feet  deep.  The 
Rideau  or  Curtain  falls,  so  called  from  their  resemblance  to 
drapery,  are  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  below  the  village,  and 
present  an  unbroken  sheet  of  water  with  a  fall  of  37  ft. 

MONTREAL  TO  QUEBEC.       180  M. 

Numerous  splendid  Steamers  navigate  the  St.  Lawrence 
between  the  above  places ;  and  as  passengers  are  obliged  to 
sleep  one  night  on  board  the  boat,  it  is  advisable  in.returning 
from  Quebec  to  arrange  the  time  of  departure  so  as  to  view 
in  the  daylight  that  portion  of  the  river  and  scenery  which 
has  been  previously  passed  in  the  night  time.  The  scenery 
on  both  shores  of  the  river  is  extremely  varied  and  beautiful. 
It  consists  of  numerous  small  scattered  villages,  built  around 
their  churches,  which  are  prominent  features  in  the  view. 
Between  the  villages  are  isolated  dwellings  and  cultivated 
grounds,  so  that  few  interruptions  of  forest  land  intervene, 
thus  forming  an  almost  unbroken  street. 

As  w^e  leave  Montreal  we  have  a  fine  view  of  St.  Helenas 
island  and  Longueil ;  we  then  enter  the  Rapids  of  St.  Mary^ 
and  pass  Longue  Point  and  Point  au  Trembles  on  the  island 
of  Montreal  on  the  left,  Boucherville  on  the  right,  and  the 
Island  of  St.  Theresa  in  the  riyer.  _. 


f-^.,. 


V  A  R  fi  N  N  E  S — S  ORE  I. — T  II  R  E  E    R  I  V  E  R  S.      175 


Vttfenneaf  on  the  S.  side,  15  m.  from  Montreal,  pfetents  a 
beautiful  appearance,  with  its  church  \fith  two  spiren  sur- 
rounded by  neat  dwellings,  and  in  the  back  ground  the 
Mountain  of  Rouville,  surmounted  with  an  immei.so  cross 
seen  for  a  great  distance.  From  this  place  the  hills  behind 
Montreal  are  still  visible.  The  village  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable resort  on  account  of  the  mineral  springs  about  a 
mile  distant.  There  is  a  good  Hotel,  and  a  commodious 
bath-house. 

We  next  pass  Contrecoeur,  Renpentigny,  St.  Sulpice,  La 
Morage,  and  Berthier,  and  arrive  at 

William  Henry ^  or  Sorel,  on  the  R.  bank.  45  m.  below 
Montreal ;  it  is  an  old  town  built  on  the  site  oi  a  fort,  erected 
in  1665,  at  the  mouth  of  Sorel  r.  It  is  well  laid  out  with 
streets  at  right  angles,  and  a  square  in  the  centre,  and  con- 
tains about  2,000  inhabitants.  The  Fort  at  Chambly  was 
occupied  by  the  Americans  under  Genl.  Thomas  on  their 
retreat  from  Quebec,  in  1776.  The  river  Sorel  and  the  canal 
connects  the  St.  Lawrence  at  this  place  with  Lake  Cham- 
plain  at  St.  John's. 

Passing  several  islands,  we  enter  Ldce  St.  Peter,  5  m.  be- 
low Sorel,  which  is  formed  by  an  expansion  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence. It  is  from  12  to  15  m.  wide  ami  about  25  m.  long, 
possessing  scenery  and  craft  peculiar  to  itself,  in  the  northern 
lights  and  golden  sunsets,  anch  the  vast  rafts  of  timber  float- 
ing with  the  current. 

Port  St.  Francis,  is  the  next  steamboat  landing  83  m.  from 
Montreal.  We  then  pass  the  villages  of  Duloup,  Machiche, 
and  Pt.  du  Lac,  on  the  left. 

Three  Rivers,  is  the  next  landing,  on  the  N.  side,  and  is 
about  half  way  between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  It  derives 
its  name  from  twasmall  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Man- 
rice,  which  divide  it  into  three  channels.  The  town,  the 
third  in  importance  in  the  province,  and  the  oldest  in  Canada, 


k  ii  Mi 

hi 


I 


Hi; 


176 


MONTREAL    TO    QUEBEC. 


is  well  situated  oa  the  W.  bank  of  the  St.  Maurice,  it  con- 
taius  nearly  5000  inhabitants,  2  churches,  a  convent,  a  coui  t- 
house,  jail,  &c.  ,    .     '•,*„  .    .-A       >    ;  ., 

Cap  de  la  Magdalene,  on  the  L.,  Gentilles  on  the  R.,  Cham- 
plain  and  Batiscon  on  the  L.,  and  St.  Pierre  on  the  R.,  are 
places  between  Three  Rivers,  and 

St.  Anne,  on  the  N.  or  left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

The  Richelieu  rapids  are  deep  and  very  swift  for  8  or  10 
miles,  and  are  descended  without  danger,  although  the  chan- 
nel is  very  intricate  and  narrow. 

The  towns  next  en  route  are  Grondines  on  the  L.,  Lotbi- 
niere  on  'the  R.,  Dechambault,  Port  Neuf,  and  Cape  Sante  on 
the  L.,  St.  Croix  and  S.  Antoine  on  the  R.,  St.  Augustin  and 
Cape  Rouge,  on  the  L. ;  at  the  latter  place  8  m.  from  Quebec, 
the  citadel  first  presents  itself  to  view. 

St.  Nicholas,  and  New  Liverpool  are  on  the  right,  near  the 
entrance  of  the  Chaudiere  river  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
Falls  on  this  river  are  much  frequented  by  the  lovers  of  the 
beautiful.  '  ,:     ("i  :.' i-'^^ 

As  you  approach  the  city,  you  pass  Sillery  river  and  Cove, 
and  Wolfe^s  Cove,  where  Genl.  Wolfe  landed  in  1759,  before 
fighting  the  battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham .  The  first  view 
of  Quebec  in  sailing  down  the  St.  Lawrence  is  striking  in  the 
extreme.  The  citadel  and  foWified  towers,  the  city  with  its 
houses  roofed  with  tin  and  glittering  in  the  sun,  the  shipping, 
and  the  surrounding  objects  form  an  animated  and  striking 
picture. 

/      QUEBEC, 

The  capital  of  the  British  possessions  in  America,  occupies 
the  extremity  of  a  high  peninsular  ridge,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Charles  river  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  called 


.-  r% 


QUEBEC. 


177 


ipies 
lunc- 


Cape  Diamond.  The  situation  though  singular,  half  being 
built  on  a  plain,  the  other  half  on  the  top  of  a  steep  perpen- 
dicular rock  350  ft.  high,  is  very  advantageous  and  imposing. 
Though  350  m.  from  its  mouth,  the  river  here  is  3  m.  in 
breadth  below  the  town,  and  narrowing  to  a  m.  directly 
abreast  of  the  citadel,  forming  a  basin  between  the  city  and 
the  Isle  of  Orleans,  capacious  enough  to  shelter  a  thousand 
vessels  at  one  time. 

The  Citadel  occupies  the  highest  point,  and  is  elevated 
350  ft.  above  the  river,  presenting  almost  perpendicular  cliffs 
towards  the  water.  The  city  is  built  from  the  w^aier's  edge, 
along  the  fool  ol'  these  cliffs,  round  the  point  of  the  promon- 
tory, and  ascending  upwards  to  the  borders  of  the  citadel.  It 
is  divided  from  the  difference  of  elevation,  into  the  Upper 
and  Lower  town,  the  former  including  all  that  is  above  and 
within  the  ramparts  or  fortified  lines,  and  the  latter  all  that 
which  is  below.  The  lower  town  has  narrow  and  dirty,  and 
in  parts  steep  streets ;  the  streets  in  the  upper  though  rather 
narrow,  are  generally,  clean  and  well  paved  or  macadam- 
ized. In  both  towns  the  houses  are  built  of  stone,  and  in  the 
upper  they  are  mostly  roofed  with  tin ;  they  are  destitute  of 
architectural  beauty,  small  and  incommodious,  with  high 
steep  roofs,  and  a  double  row  of  projecting  garret  windows, 
and  lofty  chimneys.  The  shops  are  small  and  mean,  with  a 
small  variety  charged  at  high  prices. 

The  traveller  on  landing  at  Quebec  winds  his  way  up 
through  sleep  and  narrow  streets  to  the  fortified  barrier, 
passing  through  Prescott  gate,  to  the  right  of  which  he  sees 
the  imposing  structure  of  the  new  Parliament  House,  and  on 
the  left,  a  double  flight  of  mean  and  straggling  wooden  steps 
leading  to  one  of  the  oldest  streets  as  an  avenue  to  the  Place 
d'Armes.  Crossing  this  last  he  passes  the  English  and 
French  Cathedrals,  the  Government  offices,  and  Palace  of 
Justice,  on  his  right ;  and  has  the  site  of  the  old  Castle  of  St. 
12 


178 


QUEBEC. 


Lewis,  and  the  platform  overlooking  the  harbor,  on  his  left. 
Ascending  still  more,  he  reaches  the  ramparts  and  gates  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  city,  beyond  which  is  the  open  lawn  in 
front  of  the  glacis,  and  the  suburb  of  St.  Roch,  on  the  level 
ground  along  the  S.  bank  of  the  St.  Charles  river.      ^'     '  « 

The  public  buildings  are  very  irregularly  scattered  over 
the  city ;  but  several  are  so  advantageously  and  prominently 
placed  as  to  be  additions  to  the  general  view. 

The  Parliament  House,  one  of  the  most  perfect,  stands  upon 
the  ground  supposed  to  be  the  spot  first  cleared  by  Cham- 
plain  for  his  fort,  in  1608.  It  stands  on  a  mass  of  rock  made 
level  by  art,  and  extending  to  the  brink  of  a  perpendicular 
precipice,  about  100  ft.  above  the  river.  Along  the  edge  of 
this  precipice,  is  the  Grand  Battery  of  Quebec,  on  which  is  a 
fine  promenade,  commanding  an  extensive  view  from  its 
platform.  On  this  spot,  originally  cleared  for  a  fort,  the 
palace  of  the  bishop  was  subsequently  erected,  and  a  portion 
of  the  old  episcopal  residence  is  still  in  existence,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Canadian  legislature.  * 

The  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  fronting  the  E.  side  of  Mar- 
ket-Place  is  a  spacious  and  massive  ornamented  stone  build- 
ing, with  a  lofty  and  well-proportioned  tower.  It  is  open  at 
all  hours,  and  contains  some  good  paintings.  Near  it  is  the 
Seminary  a  large  building  of  stone  in  the  form  of  a  parallelo- 
gram surrounded  by  a  fine  garden ;  it  has  also  a  museum  of 
natural  curiosities. 

The  Hotel  Dieu  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  Upper  Town,  is  a 
substantial  stone  structure  with  wings,  founded  by  the 
Duchess  of  Aiguillon  in  1637;  it  is  inhabited  by  nuns  who 
relieve  the  sick  and  distressed.  The  chapel  a  neat  and  beau- 
tiful building,  contains  some  fine  paintings. . 

The  Ursulinc  Nunnery  near  the  middle  of  the  Upper  Town, 
was  founded  in  1639,  and  is  a  neat  building  surrounded  by  a 
garden.    The  nuns  are  chiefly  employed  in  educating  young 


WJT.'T/»" 


PUBLIC    BUI  LDING  S. 


179 


m,  IS  a 

)y  the 

b  who 

beau- 

iTown, 
Id  by  a 

1 young 


females,  and  are  very  rigid  and  retired.  Only  persons  of  dis- 
tinction are  admitted,  but  admittance  to  the  church  can  be 
had  on  application  to  the  chaplain.  The  church  is  orna- 
mented with  decorations  and  handsome  paintings.  Within 
this  convent  was  deposited  the  body  of  the  French  general 
Montcalm.  Besides  the  cathedral  there  are  4  other  Catholic 
churches ',  an  English  cathedral,  and  4  chapels  of  the  church 
of  England ;  2  Scotch  churches ',  and  2  Wesleyan  chapels. 

West  of  the  Upper  Town  Market  House,  is  the  ancient 
monastery  of  the  Jesuits,  now  converted  into  Barracks  for  the 
troops  of  the  garrison. 

Near  the  cathedral  is  the  Place  d'Armes  where  on  the  E. 
of  the  Pentagon,  stood  the  castle  of  St.  Lewis,  of  which  the 
foundation  was  laid  by  Champlain  in  1624.  The  position  is 
a  very  commanding  one,  on  the  very  edge  of  an  almost  per- 
pendicular precipice  of  rock,  200  ft.  above  and  near  the  river. 
The  castle  was  the  residence  of  the  French  and  English 
governors,  until  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1834.  Lord  Dur- 
ham has  since  had  the  site  cleared  of  the  rubbish  and  level- 
led, floored  with  wood  and  converted  into  a  spacious  plat- 
form, with  a  fine  iron  railing  at  the  edge  of  the  precipice ; 
making  it  one  of  the  most  beautiful  promenades  imaginable — 
commanding  an  extensive  view  of  the  St.  Lawrence  down  as 
far  as  the  Isle  of  Orleans — the  harbour  filled  with  ships,  and 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  with  Point-Levi,  the  village 
of  D'Aubigny,  and  the  road  leading  up  through  one  continu- 
ous line  of  cottages  to  the  falls  of  the  Chaudiere,  with  the 
mountains  in  the  distance,  gradually  fading  from  view. 

On  the  S.  side  and  nearly  adjoining  is  the  Court  House,  a 
plain  neat  stone  building.  On  the  corner  of  Fort  st.  is  a  large 
building  used  for  public  offices,  the  front  room  of  which  on 
the  first  story  contains  the  museum  of  the  Society  of  Litera- 
ture, Science,  &c. ;  it  is  well  worth  seeing.  Crossing  the 
Place  d'Armes  to  Des  Carrieres  st.  the  visitor  will  see  the 


f-^i^: 


180 


QUEBEC. 


Monument,  erected  in  memory  of  Wolf  and  Montcalm.  It 
conBists  of  a  neat  pillar  standing  on  a  base  about  5  ft.,  by  6  ft. 
and  is  65  ft.  in  height. 

Quebec  is  very  strongly  fortified,  and  may  be  called  the 
Gibraltar  of  America.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  lofty  wall,  and 
the  rock  on  which  it  stands  can  be  approached  only  on  the 
W.  side,  which  is  defended  by  the  citadel  and  other  works 
constructed  on  a  gigantic  scale  and  on  the  most  improved 
principles.  The  fortress  accommodates  the  garrison,  and 
contains  a  parade  ground,  depots  for  stores,  &c.  The  line  of 
fortifications  commands  the  city  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
is  intersected  by  five  gates.  If  not  accompanied  by  a  citi- 
zen, you  can  obtain  a  ticket  of  admission  from  the  adjutant 
general's  office  in  St.  Louis  near  St.  Ursula  st.  To  have  the 
best  view  of  the  citadel,  enter  at  the  grand  western  gate, 
proceed  round  the  course  to  the  flag  staflf  and  telegraph, 
thence  by  the  parapet  bordering  on  the  river  to  the  head  of 
the  inclined  plane  used  by  government  to  convey  articles  of 
great  weight  for  the  fortress,  thence  round  until  you  arrive 
at  the  same  gate.  The  citidel  commands  a  magnificent 
prospect. 

The  city  also  contains  an  armory,  3  banks,  an  Exchange 
with  a  reading  room  well  furnished,  a  French  college  which 
stands  very  high,  a  royal  grammar  school,  a  national  school, 
a  Royal  Institution  for  the  advancement  of  learning,  a  Lite- 
rary and  Historical  society,  a  Mechanic's  Institute  establish- 
ed in  1830,  a  public  Library,  a  Custom-House,  &c. 

The  climate  is  in  extremes ;  in  the  summer  the  heat  is 
equal  to  that  of  Naples,  while  the  cold  in  winter  is  equal  to 
that  of  Moscow.  The  inhabitants  numbering  nearly  35,000 
are  chiefly  of  French  extraction ;  in  the  best  circles  the 
French  language  is  spoken  w'ith  great  propriety ;  the  princi- 
pal religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  trade  of  the  city  is 
very  extensive,  and  the  largest  vessels  arrive  at  its  wharves. 


il!    r 


aim.   It 
by  6  ft. 

lied  the 
rail,  and 
J  ou  the 
;r  works 
Tiproved 
3on,  and 
e  line  of 
nee,  and 
)y  a  citi- 
adjutant 
have  the 
iru  gate, 
3legraph, 
!  head  of 
rticles  of 
on  arrive 
LgnJticent 

Exchange 
re  which 
il  school, 
^j  a  Lite- 
jstablish- 

heat  is 

equal  to 

ly  35,000 

Vcles  the 

[e  princi- 

le  city  is 

,'harves. 


HISTORY    OF    QUEBEC. 


181 


Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1759,  in  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  The  British  under 
Gen.  Wolfe  effected  a  landing  at  Wolfe's  cove,  and  during 
the  night  ascended  the  precipice  nearly  200  ft.  in  height, 
which  was  defended  by  a  French  redoubt.  By  daylight  the 
next  morning  they  formed  in  battle  line  to  meet  the  enemy. 
Gen.  Montcalm  on  receiving  intelligence  that  the  British  had 
gained  the  heights,  broke  up  his  camp  at  Beaufort,  crossed 
the  St.  Charles  river,  and  commenced  the  attack  at  about  10 
in  the  morning.  After  a  severe  struggle  of  two  hours  the 
French  gave  way.  Wolfe  at  the  moment  of  victory  received 
his  third  and  mortal  wound.  When  lying  in  the  arms  of 
his  friends  the  exclamation  was  made  "  they  fly,  they  fly ;" 
"who"  was  the  inquiry,  "the  French"  was  answered  him. 
"Then,"  said  he,  "I  die  happy,"  and  shortly  after  expired. 
Montcalm  was  also  killed  in  the  actioTi.  The  monument 
erected  "  To  the  immortal  memory  of  Wolfe  and  Montcalm" 
is  on  the  spot  where  Gen.  Wolfe  is  supposed  to  have  died. 

During  the  American  revolution,  Gen.  Montgomery  in  con- 
nection with  Gen.  Arnold  made  an  attack  on  the  city.  Gen. 
Montgomery  approached  by  way  of  lake  Champlain,  took 
St.  John's  and  Montreal,  where  he  awaited  the  approach  of 
Gen.  Arnold,  who  was  advancing  towards  Quebec  by  way 
of  the  Kennebec  river  through  MSine.  After  thirty  days  se- 
vere m3,rching  Arnold  reached  the  St.  Lawrence  by  Chau- 
diere  river,  and  descenced  to  Point  Levi  opposite  Quebec, 
which  he  reached  on  the  9th  of  November.  On  the  night 
of  the  13th  he  crossed  over  and  landed  500  men  at  Wolfe's 
cove,  and  was  joined  by  Montgomery  with  a  larger  force  on 
Dec'r  1st.  The  city  was  invested  and  bombarded,  but  with- 
out much  effect ;  a  night  attack  was  made  by  Montgomery 
on  the  southern,  and  Arnold  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Lower  Town ;  though  made  with  great  courage  and  impetu- 
osity both  attacks  failed ;  in  the  former,  Gen.  Montgomery 

Q 


182 


VICINITY   OF    QUEBEC. 


and  nearly  all  of  his  personal  staff  were  killed ;  in  the  latter, 
Gen.  Arnold  with  most  of  his  followers  were  taken  prisoners. 
The  remains  of  Montgomery  were  interred  by  a  soldier,  and 
removed  in  1818  to  New  York,  where  they  rest  in  front  of 
St.  Paul's  church.  Other  attacks  were  made  upon  the  city 
during  the  winter,  none  of  which  were  important. 

Hotels;  Albion  hotel.  Palace  St.,  and  Payne's  Hotel,  St. 
Anne  st.,  in  the  Upper  Town ;  and  the  Ottawa  House,  and  St. 
Lawrence  Hotel  in  the  Lower.    '*;,»'.   •  > 


*•  «f 


'^^^:■^■'- 


The  country  round  Quebec  is  broken,  wild,  wooded,  and 
highly  picturesque.  The  following  places  will  prove  ex- 
ceedingly interesting  to  the  tourist.  Carriages  at  reasonable 
rates,  can  be  obtained  for  conveyance. 


:iHA 


THE  FALLS  OF  MONTMORENCI, 

About  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Quebec,  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  striking  objects  in  America.  The  fall 
bears  no  comparison  to  Niagara  in  magnitude  and  the  mass 
of  its  waters,  but  the  ample  woods  with  which  it  is  fringed, 
the  broken  rocks  which  surround  and  intersect  its  channel, 
tossing  it  into  a  foam  resembling  snow,  render  it  perhaps  a 
more  beautiful  scene.  The  fall  is  100  ft.  in  breadth,  with  a 
perpendicular  height  of  nearly  260  ft.  The  visiter  will  be- 
hold the  falls  in  all  their  grandeur  and  beauty  by  viewing 
them  from  different  points ;  from  the  summit  of  the  hill  be- 
sides the  view  of  the  falls,  with  an  ordinary  magnifying  glass, 
a  glorious  view  of  Quebec,  Point  Levi,  the  St.  Lawrence, 
&c.  presents  itself.  A  walk  of  a  few  miles  above  the  falls, 
will  amply  repay  you  for  the  trouble. 

Remains  of  fortifications  may  still  be  seen  on  the  precipice 
N.  £.  of  the  falls.    It  was  on  the  high  grounds  that  Genl. 


CHAUDIEKE    FALLS— LAKE    ST.   CHARLES.      183 

Wolfe  made  an  attack  on  the  French  in  1759,  and  was  se- 
verely repulsed,  a  short  time  before  the  battle  of  the  Plains 
of  Abraham.      ^^ -T'v  i;i;*vf'       *.«'^.e  >  f- 

In  returning  Ave  pass  through  Beauport,  a  scattered  village, 
containing  some  handsome  country  residences,  and  cross  the 
St.  Charles  river,  enjoying  splendid  views  of  some  of  the 
principal  points.  _     +,,  ^  . ,  .      . 


.Iv:.? 


if^' 


THE  FALLS  OF  THE  CHAUOIERE, 


.#t 


About  12  m.  S.  of  the  city  are  wild  and  interesting.  The 
river  is  narrowed  to  about  400  ft.  across,  at  the  cascade ;  the 
depth  of  the  fall  is  about  120  ft.  The  stream  is  divided  at 
the  fall  by  rocks,  into  three  currents;  these  partially  re-unite 
before  reaching  their  basin,  and  the  agitated  waves  dashing 
against  each  other  maintain  a  turbulent  whirlpool,  which  is 
increased  by  projecting  rocks,  which  break  the  water  in  its 
descent.  ... 

The  excursion  to  Cape  Rouge  is  very  pleasant.  Wo  leave 
the  city  by  the  St.  Lewis  gate,  and  cross  the  Plains  of  Abra- 
ham, to  the  right  of  where  Wolfe  fell.  The  Race  course,  the 
road  leading  to  Wolfe's  cove,  and  handsome  country  seats 
are  passed  on  the  route,  with  occasional  glimpses  of  the 
river.  The  ride  in  returning  presents  still  handsomer  views 
j^nd  scenery.  ,  -        -      , 

An  agreeable  excursion  is  also  made  to  Lake  St.  Charles 
16  m.  N.  W.  passing  through  the  Indian  village  of  Lorette, 
about  8  m.  from  the  city.  Lorette  is  built  upon  an  elevated 
situation  commanding  an  extensive  and  agreeable  landscape, 
bounded  only  by  the  distant  southern  mountains,  and  em- 
bracing a  bold  view  of  Quebec  and  its  suburbs.  The  view 
of  the  cascades  of  the  St.  Charles,  tumbling  and  foaming  over 
the  rocks  and  ledges,  surrounded  by  rugged  and  perpendicu- 


"A- 


184 


QUEBEC  TO  THE  SAGUENAV. 


larly  elevated  wooded  cliffs,  as  seen  from  the  bank  and 
bridge  at  the  head  of  the  dell,  is  quite  picturesque.  The  In- 
dian inhabitants  of  the  village,  though  retaining  many  of  their 
piimitive  habits,  have  also  received  many  others  from  the 
whites  that  have  contributed  but  little  to  their  welfare. 


A  VOYAGE  TO  THE  SAGUENAY. 


\>y 


The  St.  Lawrence  which  opposite  to  Quebec  is  not  more 
than  131,4  yards  across,  below  the  city  begins  to  increase 
rapidly.  Immediately  beyond  the  island  of  Orleans  it  is 
11m.  broad,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay  it  is  18  m.,  and 
continues  increasing  until  it  attains  a  width  of  100  miles  at 
its  mouth.  A  delightful  and  interesting  trip  is  usually  made 
to  the  Saguenay,  by  which  the  grand  and  magnificent  sce- 
nery of  the  two  rivers  can  be  enjoyed ,  it  occupies  three  or 
four  days.  ^  ' 

Between  Quebec  and  the  Isle  of  Orleans,  the  channel  of 
the  river  is  comparatively  narrow,  with  but  little  variety  on 
the  S.  shore,  and  neat  settlements  on  the  N.  shore  which  are 
skirted  on  the  N.  with  lofty  hills,  too  distant  to  produce  much 
effect. 

The  Falls  of  Montmorenci,  7  m.  below  Quebec,  with  a 
perpendicular  fall  of  250  ft.  are  seen  in  all  their  romantic 
beauty  from  the  deck  of  the  boat.  A  short  distance  below 
is  the  battle  ground  on  which  the  English  were  defeated  by 
the  French  in  1759.  >"->^^!  !«*.♦=  >   ..      .-.     ^i  v  «  -       . 

The  river  is  divided  into  two  channels  by  the  Isle  of  Or- 
leans, which  continue  for  most  of  the  distance,  the  south 
channel  being  the  most  navigable.  The  island  is  a  fertile 
tract  about  21  m.  long  by  6  m.  wide,  elevated  in  some  parts 
100  ft.  above  the  river,  partly  covered  with  extensive  forest 
tracts.  In  passing  through  the  main  channel,  to  the  left  on 
the  island  is  St.  Patrick's  Hole,  11m.  from  Quebec,  having 


•Jjn, 


QUEBEC  TO  THE  SAOUENAV. 


185 


anchorage  for  the  largest  vessels ;  and  St.  Laurent  14  m.  a 
email  neat  place  settled  by  French  Canadians. 

The  St.  Lawrence  below  the  Island  is  studded  with  islands, 
some  beautifully  covered  with  neat  dwellings  and  cultivated 
fields,  contrasting  well  with  others  that  are  of  bare  rock,  or 
covered  with  woods  j  the  S.  shore  presents  a  succession  of 
villages  and  settlements  each  clustering  round  its  church, 
mostly  ornamented  with  a  spire,  while  on  the  opposite  side 
are  bold  and  lofty  hills  crowned  with  forests  and  impendii)g 
over  the  margin  of  the  river,  with  numerous  valleys  formed 
by  the  mountain  streams.  Frequently  the  view  is  varied 
by  settlements  extending  nearly  to  the  tops  of  the  mountains 
presenting  to  the  eye  neat  dwellings  and  luxuriant  fields. 
Amongst  the  thousands  of  vessels  which  visit  Quebec  during 
the  season  of  navigation,  many  of  them  are  of  the  largest 
class,  adding  no  little  to  the  beauty  of  the  river  scenery. 

Madam  Island,  and  several  others,  are  below  Orleans,  26 
m.  from  Quebec. 

Cape  Tourment,  on  the  N.  side,  4  m.  below,  is  a  bold  pro- 
montory nearly  2000  ft.  in  height,  and  which  like  the  rest 
of  the  coast  can  be  seen  at  a  great  distance  through  the  clear 
atmosphere.  ■    ^   *      '       *  "  '      •    '■'■'■     "'^    ^ 

At  Grosse  Island,  opposite,  is  the  Quarantine  station  for 
vessels  ascending  the  river.  -  •■     ' 

St.  Thomas  on  the  S.  side,  32  m.  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  South  river.  Crane  island  36  m.,  Goose  island  45  m.  and 
the  Pillars  55  m.  are  small  islands;  the  two  former  are  cul- 
tivated, and  on  the  latter  is  a  lighthouse. 

Here  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  call  the  attention  of  the 
tourist  as  the  scenery  possesses  beauties  not  to  be  overlooked. 
A  floating  light  is  stationed  at  the  narrow  and  dangerous 
channel  called  the  Traverse,  60  m.  below  Quebec.        •  ' 

Isle  aux  Coudres  or  Isle  of  Filberts,  65  m.  is  a  large  island 
near  St.  Patd's  hay  on  the  N.  shore.     It  is  paid  to  have  been 

q2 


18G 


QUE  DEC    TO    THE    S  A  G  U  E  N  A  V. 


po  called  by  Cartier  on  account  of  the  great  quantity  of  liazel 
nnl8  he  found  here. 

St.  Anne,  on  the  S.  shore  70  m.  is  quite  a  large  settlement 
containing  a  Catholic  college.  Beyond  Goose  cape  75  m.  the 
shores  become  less  visible  in  the  distance,  the  river  being 
nearly  18  m.  wide.     •  -        .  .        :-      • 

Mai  Bay,  is  on  the  N.  side,  80  m.  at  the  mouth  of  Mai 
river.        ;      *.^      ,. 

Kamouraska,  on  the  S.  side  90  m.  contains  about  1500  in- 
habitants and  is  much  resorted  to  by  the  Canadians  during 
the  su  nmer  months,  as  there  is  excellent  bathing  and  fishing 
on  the  .  *nall  islands  in  front  of  the  village.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  fertile  district  with  abrupt  and  sterile  hills  in  the  rear. 

The  Pilgrim  island^,  a  rocky  group  105  m.  are  on  the  right. 
Hare  island,  109  m.  is  near  the  middle  of  the  river  on  the 
left.       .'.V'  ■   -^^ :■.■  --\.  ■'    ^- .■'  ,  . 

Du  Loup,  on  the  south  side  120  m.  is  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  contains  about  1500  inhabitants. 

Before  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay  r.  the  St.  Law- 
rence is  much  discoloured  by  the  Saguenay  waters  which 
are  of  a  blackish  hue.  Red  Island  is  off  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  and  nearly  opposite  is  Green  island. 

Tadousac,  on  the  N.  side  135  m.  is  a  post  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  company  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay.  The  trading 
with  the  Indians  is  carried  on  by  one  of  the  agents  who  re- 
side here.  The  place  contains  a  Catholic  chapel,  stores,  and 
a  few  dwellings.  The  flag  staff  is  surrounded  by  several 
pieces  of  cannon,  and  stands  on  an  eminence  50  ft.  above  the 
harbour,  at  the  base  of  a  mountain  peak  912  ft.  high.  The 
eminence  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  shores  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  Saguenay. 

The  Saguenay,  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  rivers  in 
the  world,  and  the  largest  in  North  America,  the  St.  Law- 
rence excepted,  E.  of  the  Alleghanies.    It  is  the  outlet  of 


THE    SAGUEXAY    RIVER. 


187 


Mai 


Lalco  St.  John,  MO  m.  from  its  mouth,  anil  is  navigable  iur 
90  m.  to  its  fall^,  having  for  50  m.,  moro  the  appearance  of  a 
long  mountain  laivu,  than  of  a  river.  Lake  St.  John  is  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  region  the  water.^  of  which  How  into 
it  by  twelve  principal  rivers,  and  are  discharged  to  the  east 
by  the  Saguenay.  The  scenery  is  of  the  moat  wild  and 
magnificent  description. 

■  The  passage  of  the  waters  of  this  river  is  one  of  the  won- 
ders of  nature.  They  penetrate  through  a  mountauious  tract, 
composed  of  eienito  granite,  forming  an  immense  canal  in 
many  places,  with  banks  of  perpendicular  rocks  rising  from 
a  thousand  to  fifteen  hundred  ft.  above  the  surface  of  the 
river,  which  is  frttm  100  to  150  fathoms  deep  nearly  the 
whole  way,  and  from  one  to  three  miles  broad.  In  many 
places  the  largest  vessels  may  run  close  to  the  perpendicu- 
lar rocks,  with  100  fathoms  water.  The  tide  rises  and  the 
river  is  navigable  7  m.  above  Chicoutimi,  where  the  rapids 
of  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  John  commence. 

Not  the  least  remarkable  feature  of  this  river  is  the  ridgo 
of  rocks  lying  across  its  mouth.  This  ridge  is  below  the 
surface,  and  through  it  there  is  a  channel  about  120  ft.  deep, 
within  which  the  depth  increases  to  840  ft.,  so  that  the  bed 
of  the  Saguenay  is  absolutely  600  ft.  below  that  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  into  which  it  falls,  a  depth  which  is  preserved 
many  miles  up  the  river.  The  course  of  the  tide,  meeting 
with  resistance  from  these  rocks,  occasions  a  violent  rippling 
or  surf,  which  is  much  increased  and  exceedingly  dangerous 
to  boats  during  the  ebb  tide. 

After  entering  the  the  river  hills  soon  rise  abruptly  from 
the  water's  edge,  presenting  an  appearance  somewhat  similar 
to  the  entrance  from  the  N.  into  the  '  Highlands,'  on  the  Hud- 
son. Tete  du  Boule,  is  a  round  mountain  peak  on  the  N. 
side.  The  Two  Profiles,  on  the  N.  side,  a  few  miles  farther 
up,  are  quite  appropriately  named.    St.  Louis  Island^  is  a 


188 


SCENERY    OF    THE    SAOUENAY. 


rugged  rock,  18m.  above  Tadousac.  At  St.  John^s  Tray  on 
the  S.  28  m.  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Marguerite  on  the 
N.  are  extensive  lumber  establishments. 

Eternity  Point  and  Cape  Trinity,  on  the  S.  side,  34  m.  are 
two  grand  and  enormous  masses  of  rock,  rising  abruptly  from 
the  water's  edge  to  the  height  of  1500  ft.  The  three  sum- 
mits on  Trinity  Cape,  bear  some  resemblance  to  three  hu- 
man heads.  Trinity  Cove  is  a  charming  recess  in  the  shore 
aheltered  by  the  two  jwints;  its  quiet  and  lonely  beauty  con- 
trasted with  the  wild  grandeur  of  tho  huge  masses  of  rock 
together  with  the  majestic  river,  form  one  of  the  level i<>8t  of 
nature's  beauties.  These  points  form  but  one  feature  in  the 
grand  and  picturesque  scenery  which  continues  to  meet  the 
delighted  eye  of  the  tourist. 

In  the  niche  in  Statue  Point  formerly  stood  a  rock  resem- 
bling a  huge  human  figure,  but  it  has  fallen  into  the  water. 
The  Tableau  on  the  S.  shore,  is  an  upright  rock  rising  almost 
perpendicularly  to  the  hei:  ht  of  several  hundred  feet. 

The  Ha-IIa,  or  Great.  Bay,  57  m.  is  a  body  of  water  on  the 
left.  At  its  head  aio  several  extensive  saw-mills,  which 
with  the  houses  for  the  workmen,  make  quite  a  settlement. 

At  Chicoutimi,  12  m.  farther,  the  navigation  is  suddenly 
interrupted  by  a  succession  of  falls  and  rapids,  which  can 
be  passed  by  vessels  of  a  large  size,  only  when  the  tide  is 
up.  The  village  consists  of  several  dwellings  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  chapel  built  by  the  Jesuits  about  two  centuries  ago. 
The  settlement  is  another  trading  post  belciir  in:j  to  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company.  The  t  hapel  is  beautifr  ily  Bit..'  L  J  in  the 
centre  of  a  green  sward  sloping  to  the  rivcv,  and  is  annually 
visited  by  a  missionary  priest. 

The  country  between  Chicoutimi  and  Lake  St.  John,  about 
C  rti.  father  to  the  W.  is  a  fine  tract  intersected  by  several 
liv -.1.  ssuing  from  St.  John,  possessing  a  fertile  soil,  and  of 
a  i«£o  rui^'^bd  character  than  characterizes  the  banks  of  the 


-^^Jf^T!' 


MONTREA-  TO  NEW  YORK  OH  BOSTON 


189 


the 


Saguenay  for  he  first  ou  nl.  The  climate  is  soniewhul  simi- 
hir  to  that  of  Moiilicil.  The  touusl  (Mm  enjoy  himeclf  wuh 
fishing  or  hunting,  bolu  of  whicli  are  excellonl.         '■■• 

On  returning  as  you  approach  Quebec  th^  view  of  the 
city,  itn  citadel,  and  suburbs,  with  the  falls  ui  Montmorenci, 
and  the  adjacent  country,  is  really  magiiinceut. 

From  Quebec  to  Montreal,  see  p.  174,  and  reverse  the 
route ;  bearing  in  mind  to  take  the  boat  from  Quebec  at  such 
an  hour  as  will  afTord  you  a  view  in  dayli_^ht  ot  that  which 
you  passed  during  the  night  on  yourdownw  nd  trip.  The  ap- 
proach to  Montreal  in  ascending  the  river  is  extremely  beau- 
tiful; the  mount  behind  the  city  clothed  in  ich  foliage,  the 
numerous  country  seats,  the  spires  and  edilii  es  of  the  city, 
and  the  wooded  island  in  front,  all  join  to  pret  Mit  a  rich  and 
diversified  landscape. 

From  Montreal  the  tourist  can  either  return  t<^  New  York 
by  the  route  on  Lake  Champlain,  see  p.  96  and  reverse  the 
route,  or,  by  way  of  Niagara  Falls,  see  p.  166  luid  reverse 
the  route ;  or,  if  he  wishes  to  visit  the  New  England  states, 
he  will  take  the  steamboat  from  Montreal  to  La  Prairie, 
thence  by  R.  R.  to  St.  John^s  ;  thence  by  the  neat  and  com- 
fortable steamboats  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  described  on  p.  98. 

Besides  the  following  route,  stages  also  leave  Bl  rlington 
to  Albany  150  m.  via  Middleburg  39  m.  Castleton  7(  m.  and 
Troy  144  m.j  to  Whitehall  70  m.  j  to  Phillipsburg,  L'anada, 
41m.  via  St.  Albans  24  m. ;  and  to  Derby  80  m. 

From  Burlington,  by  a  daily  line  of  stages  passing  liuough 
Millston  8  m.  Richmond  5  m.  Bolton  8  m.  Waterburii  7  m. 
Middlesex  6  m. 

MoNTPELiER  6  m.  and  40  from  Burlington,  is  the  capital 
of  the  state,  situated  on  a  plain  of  moderate  extent,  built  at 


190 


MONTREAL    TO    BOSTON. 


;«   * 


:i\y 


■i   '  l' 


the  junction  of  the  two  branches  of  Onion  or  Winooskie  r. 
and  surrounded  by  elevated  hills.  The  village  contains  a 
courthouse,  jail,  4  churches,  several  mills  and  manufactories 
and  1721  inhabitants.  The  State-hotise,  built  of  granite,  is  a 
beautiful  building  150  ft.  in  length,  with  two  wings,  and  a 
projecting  portico  of  6  Doric  columns,  the  whole  surmounted 
by  a  dome  100  ft.  high  to  the  top. 

From  Montpelier  by  stage  to  Concord;  102  m.  over  the 
road  which  passes  through  the  most  elevated  portion  of  the 
Green  Mountains,  along  the  margin  of  the  river,  and  amidst 
mountain  scenery  of  the  most  romantic  character.  Before 
reaching  Concord  we  pass  through  Barre  7  m.  Washington 
8  m.  Chelsea  9  m.  Stafford  11m.  Norwichl2  m.  Hanover  1  m. 
containing  the  buildings  of  Dartmouth  college,  Lebanon  4  m. 
£nfield  8  m.  Springfield  7  m.  Wilmot  8m.  Andover  6m.  Salis- 
bury 6  m.  Boscawan  7  m.  and  Concord  9  m.  described  on 
p.  244,  thence  by  R.  R.  via  Nashua  and  Lowell  to  Boston,  76  m. 
total  distance  218  m. 

If  the  tourist  intends  visiting  the  White  Mountains  he 
will  take  the  stage  to  Littleton,  N.  H.  40  m.  E.  thence  by 
stage  tri-weekly  through  the  Notch  to  Conway,  thence  to 
Portland,  Me.  and  by  R.  R.  to  Boston.  v     ^v^ 

The  route  from  Littleton  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains  is 
partly  through  a  cultivated  country,  and  the  remainder 
through  an  extensive  forest.  The  first  view  of  the  White 
mountains  is  obtained  a  short  distance  from  Littleton,  but 
Alt.  Washington  6234  ft.  high  is  not  seen  till  arriving  near 
their  foot.  The  first  view  is  magnificent,  and  increases  in 
grandeur  and  sublimity  the  nearer  we  approach  them.  They 
are  next  to  the  loftiest  in  N.  America  E.  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains ;  their  principal  peaks  are  Jefferson  5261  ft.  Adams  5383, 
Madison  5039,  Monroe  4932,  and  Quincy  4470  ft.  From 
their  summits  a  w  ido  expanse  of  country  for  many  miles  can 
be  seen. 


H 


THE    WHITE    MOUNTAINS. 


191 


)skie  r. 
tains  a 
ictories 
ite,  is  a 
I,  and  a 
lounted 


ver  the 
I  of  the 
amidst 
Before 
ihington 
ver  1  m. 
ion  4  m. 
[n.  Salis- 
ibed  on 
fn,  76  m. 

AiNS  he 
|ence  by 
isnce  to 

itains  is 
inainder 
White 
Iton,  but 
Ing  near 
eases  in 
\.  They 
Moun- 
is  5383, 
From 
ties  can 


**  The  Notch  or  Gap  is  on  the  W.  side  of  the  mountains,  and 
is  a  narrow  and  deep  defile  2  m.  in  length,  in  one  place  only 
22  ft.  wide.  The  road  passes  through  this  notch  following 
the  course  of  the  head  stream  of  the  Saco.  The  mountains, 
otherwise  a  continued  range,  are  here  cloven  down  to  their 
base  opening  a  passage  for  the  river,  which  receives  tributary 
brooks  falling  down  the  sides  of  the  mountain  in  beautiful 
cascades,  some  of  them  within  sight  of  the  road,  presenting 
the  wildest  and  most  romantic  scenery. 
'  Mount  Washington  is  ascended  on  the  S.  E.  side,  following 
the  course  of  the  Saco.  After  climbing  up  the  mountain  for 
a  considerable  distance,  the  trees  begin  to  diminish  in  height, 
till  at  the  elevation  of  about  4000  ft.  you  come  to  a  region 
of  dwarfish  evergreens,  putting  forth  horizontal  branches, 
closely  interwoven  with  each  other,  and  surrounding  the 
mount  with  a  formidable  hedge.  On  emerging  from  this 
thicket  you  are  above  all  woods,  at  what  is  called  the  bald 
part,  which  consists  of  a  huge  pile  of  naked  rocks  of  granite 
and  gneiss.  After  attaining  its  summit  you  are  recompensed 
by  the  goi^eous  prospect  opened  before  you.  Innumerable 
mountains,  lakes,  ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  villages  meet  the 
enraptured  eye,  while  the  dim  Atlantic  stretches  along  the 
eastern  horizon.  To  the  N.  are  seen  the  lofty  summits  of 
Adams  and  Jefferson,  and  to  the  E.  a  little  detached  from 
the  range,  stands  Mt.  Madison ;  far  to  the  N.  E.  are  the  Ka- 
tadin  Mountains  j  on  the  W.  the  Green  Mountains  in  Ver- 
mont j  and  120  m.  to  the  S.  W.  the  lofty  Monadnock  in  N. 
Hampshire.  Among  the  near  picturesque  objects  are  Um- 
bagog  and  Winnipiseogee  lakes,  Androscoggin  and  Connecti- 
cut rivers,  and  numerous  smaller  lakes  and  streams.  Beneath 
and  around,  the  mountains  extend  many  miles  from  the 
summit,  in  every  direction,  resembling  in  their  shape  the 
waves  of  the  sea  in  a  storm.  The  elevated  summits  are 
covered  M'ith  snow  9  or  10  months  in  the  year. 


■»=•« 


192 


MONTREAL    TO    BOSTON. 


The  view  from  the  summit  of  3It.  Lafayette  presents  also 
a  splendid  view,  including  over  50  summits,  some  of  which 
are  coyered  with  verdure  to  the  top,  while  others  are  com- 
posed of  naked  rocks.  Down  the  sides  of  many  of  them 
may  be  seen  slides  or  avalanches  of  earth,  rocks  and  trees, 
one  of  which  in  1829  destroyed  the  Willey  family  consisting 
of  nine  persons.  The  most  sublime  views  of  some  of  the 
tracks  of  the  avalanches  may  be  seen  in  passing  through  the 
Notch. 

In  the  road  through  Franconia  Notch  on  the  mountain  op- 
posite to  Lafayette,  is  the  Profile  or  old  man  of  the  mountain, 
a  remarkable  curiosity  situated  on  the  brow  of  the  peak  or 
precipice  which  rises  almost  perpendicularly  from  the  sur- 
face of  a  small  lake,  directly  in  front  to  the  height  of  nearly 
1000  ft.  All  the  principal  features  of  the  human  face,  as 
seen  in  a  profile,  are  formed  with  surprising  exactness.  Other 
curiosities  in  this  vicinity  are  the  Basin  and  the  Tulpit. 

From  Crawford's  House  to  Bartlett  is  7  m.  thence  to  Con- 
way  10  m.  Fryehurgh,  10  m.  from  Conway  is  a  considerable 
village  celebrated  in  the  early  history  of  the  country. 

From  Conway  the  traveller  can  continue  on  to  Portsmouth, 
to  Concord,  or  to  Portland,  thence  to  Boston.  The  lakes  and 
streams  of  this  part  of  the  country  are  surrounded  by  splen- 
did scenery,  and  abound  with  very  fine  trout ;  see  p.  245. 


f 


^wf    ^W'-?  J    •■'■.•■•:'■  :^:-\   "  ■>'~.W"      ■■■'      -^         ^r^ '"fi 

•   ■*.■  I-  •  , 


SJi?" 


* 


its  also    , 

which 
e  com* 
f  them 
1  trees, 
isistiug 

of  the 
ugh  the 

tain  op- 
ountain, 
peak  or 
the  sur- 
f  nearly 
face,  as 
s.  Other 
pit. 

to  Con- 
iderable 

[smouth, 
kkes  and 
|y  splen- 
245. 


's    « 


rv 


'•■!".■ 


NEW    HAVEN. 


103 


NEW  YORK  TO  BOSTON. 

I.  VIA  NEW  HAVEN  AND  SPRINGFIELD.       238  M.   13^  H. 

This  is  a  very  favorite  line  of  travel  as  it  passes  through 
the  most  interesting  portions  of  Massachusetts  and  Connec- 
ticut. 

Passengers  take  the  steamboat  from  Peck  slip  on  the 
East  r.  at  6i  A.  M.  and  pass  through  Hell  or  Hurl  Gate,  then 
pass  by  Frog's  Neck,  New  Rochelle,  Greenwich  point,  Nor- 
walk  Islands  Ct.,  Bridgeport,  Stratford  Pt.,  Neck  point,  and 
arrive  at  the  city  of  •  ^     -     ••'  ^  •*  -  ,  .,/  ^  . ,.  v 


I ' 


NEW    HAVEN 


> 


Beautifully  situated  around  the  head  of  the  harbour  of  the 
same  name,  lying  on  a  plain  inclining  gradually  toward  the 
water  and  surrounded  in  the  background  by  hills,  two  of 
which  as  the  traveller  approaches  the  city  form  imposing 
features,  as  they  rise  almost  perpendicularly  to  the  height  of 
330  to  370  ft.  It  is  the  semi-capital  of  Connecticut  with 
Hartford.  It  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  the  houses 
generally  are  neat,  some  very  elegant,  and  is  by  many  con- 
sidered the  prettiest  town  in  the  U.  States.  The  city  extends 
about  3  m.  from  E.  to  W.  and  2  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  contains 
about  6  sq.  m. ;  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  old  town, 
and  the  new  township,  in  each  of  which  is  an  open  square. 

The  old  town  was  originally  laid  out  in  the  form  of  a 
square,  half  a  mile  on  a  side,  divided  into  nine  smaller 
squares ;  these  have  been  subdivided  into  four  parts  by  in- 
tersecting streets,  except  the  centre  square  which  is  divided 
only  by  Temple  st.  running  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  The 
eastern  portion  is  unoccupied  and  forms  a  delightful  prome- 
13  R 


■Tr 


194 


NEW    YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


nade  ground 


On  the  W.  portion,  three  splendid  churches, 
fronting  on  Temple  st.  have  been  erected.  The  southern  one 
is  the  Episcopal  church  in  the  finest  Gothic  style ;  next  above 
it  is  ihe  First  Congregational  church,  built  of  brick,  with  a 
fine  Doric  portico,  and  a  lofty  steeple  j  N.  of  this  is  the 
2d  Congregational  church,  a  beautiful  edifice,  of  brick,  with 
a  handsome  cupola.  Near  the  centre  of  the  western  portion, 
is  the  State-house,  a  large  and  splendid  edifice  of  the  Doric 
order,  after  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  having  an  appearance 
of  uncommon  beauty  and  majesty.  On  the  N.  W.  corner  is 
the  Methodist  church,  built  of  brick.  -      ;  >«  , 

On  the  W.  side  and  facing  to  the  E.  are  the  buildings  of 
Yale  College;  these  consist  of  4  college  halls,  104  ft.  long 
by  40  ft.  wide,  4  stories  high,  each  containing  32  rooms  for 
students ;  a  hall  for  theological  students ;  a  chapel  devoted 
to  religious  worship  and  ordinary  exhibitions;  a  lyceum  con- 
taining the  library  and  recitation  rooms ;  and  an  atheneum 
containing  rooms  for  academic  purposes.  These  college 
buildings  present  an  imposing  front;  they  are  all  of  brick  and 
have  a  uniform  front  of  600  ft.  long  including  narrow  passage 
ways  between.  On  one  of  the  buildings  is  a  neat  cupola 
built  after  the  model  of  the  Temple  of  the  Winds  and  fitted 
for  the  use  of  a  splendid  achromatic  telescope  made  by 
Dolland.  In  the  rear  of  these  is  another  range  of  buildings, 
consisting  of  the  chemical  laboratory ;  the  Commons'  hall,  in 
the  second  story  of  which  is  contained  the  mineralogical 
cabinet,  well  known  as  the  most  extensive  and  valuable  in 
the  U.  States ;  a  stuccoed  building,  containing  a  fine  gallery 
of  paintings  by  Trumbull  and  others ;  and  two  other  build- 
ings, one  for  the  law  and  the  other  for  the  medical  depart- 
ments, in  the  latter  of  which  is  a  fine  anatomical  museum 
and  library.  Yale  College  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and 
celebrated  institutions  of  learning  in  the  Union  and  has  edu- 
cated more  eminent  men  than  any  other  institution.    It  was 


4 


ts 


NEW    HAVEN. 


195 


originally  founded  at  Killingworlh,  in  1701,  but  was  removed 
to  Saybrook  in  1707,  and  to  New  Haven  in  1717.  It  has  a 
president  and  31  professors,  and  a  very  valuable  library  of 
34,500  vols. 

On  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  old  town  is  the  Public  Cemetery 
beautifully  laid  out  and  ornamented,  containing  17acreS;  and 
adorned  with  many  elegant  monuments. 

The  State  G§neral  Hospital  consists  of  a  central  building 
with  two  wings,  118  ft.  in  length  and  48  ft.  in  width,  built  of 
stone,  and  stuccoed,  and  has  a  fine  colonnade. 

The  city  contains  20  churches,  a  custom  house,  jail,  alms* 
house,  museum,  3  banks,  a  savings  institution,  and  many 
popular  and  scientific  institutions.    Pop.  12,960. 

The  harbor  of  New  Haven  is  safe  and  spacious,  but  shal- 
low. The  West  and  Quinnepac,  two  small  rivers,  empty 
into  the  bay.  Long  Wharf,  to  which  additions  have  been 
made,  is  3,943  ft.  in  length,  the  longest  in  the  U.  States. 
The  foreign  trade  of  the  port  is  chiefly  with  the  West  Indies ; 
its  coasting  trade  is  quite  considerable ;  a  daily  line  of  steam- 
boats connects  it  with  New  York,  and  also  several  lines  of 
packets.  The  Farmington  canal  connects  it  with  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.  and  with  the  Connecticut  r.  near  it.  Its  manu- 
factories are  chiefly  of  fire-arms,  boots  and  shoes,  paper, 
carpets,  &c. 

New  Haven  was  settled  in  1638,  and  chartered  as  a  city 
in  1784.  In  1779,  it  was  entered  by  the  British  under  Gov. 
Tryon,  who  in  a  short  time  destroyed  property  to  the  amount 
of  $84,566. 

Hotels ;  Assembly  House,  Court  and  Orange  sts. ;  Eagle 
Tavern,  George  st.  opposite  State  st. ;  Tontine,  opposite  Col- 
lege square. 

West  Rock,  2  m.  N.  W.  of  the  city  is  a  perpendicular  bluff", 
400  ft.  in  height,  on  the  top  of  which  is  the  cave  in  which 
twoof  the  regicides  of  Charles  I.  secreted  themselves  for  three 


19G 


NEW    YORK    TO   BOSTON. 


or  four  years.  East  Rock.  2  m.  N.  E.  of  the  city  is  370  ft. 
high  from  whence  a  very  fine  view  of  the  surrounding 
scenery  may  be  had. 

Leaving  New  Haven  by  R.  R.  we  pass  through  the  flou- 
rishing and  enterprising  manufacturing  towns  Wallingford, 
and  Meriden,  and  after  a  two  hours'  pleasant  ride  we  enter 
the  Connecticut  Valley  and  arrive-  at  Hartford,  36  m.  from 
New  Haven. 


HARTFORD, 


<■■-* 


City,  and  semi-capital  of  the  state,  is  at  the  head  of  sloop 
navigation  on  the  W.  or  right  side  of  the  Connecticut  r.  50  m. 
from  its  mouth.  The  compact  part  of  the  city  lies  upon  an 
alluvial  flat  over  a  mile  in  length  and  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
in  width,  connected  v;ith  the  upper  land  by  a  very  gradual 
elevation.  Pop.  9468.  Hotels ;  City  Hotel,  Main  st. ',  United 
States  Hotel,  States  st. 

The  city  is  irregularly  laid  out,  and  divided  at  the  S.  part 
by  Little  r.  which  is  cros.sed  by  a  freestone  bridge  on  Main 
St.  The  houses  mostly  of  brick,  are  many  of  them  large  and 
elegant  structures.  The  principal  streets  are  Main,  State, 
Commerce,  Prospect,  Washington,  &c. 

The  principal  objects  of  interest  are;  a  large  edifice  in  the 
Doric  style.  The  State  House,  situated  in  the  square  front- 
ing on  Main  st.  It  is  114  ft.  long,  and  including  the  porticoes 
76  ft.  wide,  and  54  ft.  high.  Each  portico  is  38  ft.  by  17. 
On  the  first  floor  as  you  enter  the  building,  to  the  right  of  the 
large  hall  are  oflices  for  the  Treasurer  and  Controller ;  on  the 
left  is  a  large  and  convenient  Court-room,  there  is  also  an 
office  for  the  Commissioner  of  the  school  fund.  The  second 
floor  is  occupied  by  the  two  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  and 
the  Secretary  of  State.  The  Legislature  meets  here  and  at 
New  Haven  each  alternate  year.  The  City  Hall  is  a  large 
building  in  the  Doric  style. 


HARTFORD. 


197 


Washtnglon  College  is  situated  on  elevated  ground  at  the 
corner  of  Bliss  and  College  sts.  There  are  two  edifices  of 
freestone,  one  4  stories,  containing  rooms  for  the  students, 
the  other  3  stories  high,  containing  the  cliapel,  library,  mine- 
ralogical  cabinet,  philosophical  chamber,  laboratory,  and  re- 
citation rooms.  It  w^as  founded  in  1824,  has  a  president 
and  7  professors,  and  a  library  of  6,500  vols.  It  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians,  and  is  in  a  flourishing 
condition. 

The  American  Asylum  for  the  Instruction  of  the  Deaf  ana 
Dumb  was  the  first  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It 
was  founded  in  1815,  commencing  with  7  scholars  and  ra- 
pidly increasing  to  140.  Besides  the  principal  edifice  which 
is  130  ft.  long  and  4  stories  high,  there  are  a  dining-hall, 
workshops,  &c. ;  attached  to  these  are  ten  acres  of  land. 
There  are  a  principal  and  7  assistants  j  it  is  supported  by 
grants  from  the  state,  pay  of  the  boarders,  and  the  revenue 
arising  from  23,000  acres  of  land  in  Alabama,  granted  to 
them  by  the  U.  States. 

The  Retreat  for  the  Insane^  is  another  very  interesting 
charitable  institution.  It  is  finely  situated  on  elevated  ground, 
from  which  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  scenery 
may  be  had.  It  consists  of  a  main  building  with  two  wings, 
containing  accommodations  for  the  steward  and  other  offi- 
cers; and  the  patients  except  those  who  are  violent  or  noisy ; 
these  are  confined  in  two  cottages  40  ft.  from  the  main  build- 
ing. The  institution  has  rooms  for  about  90  patients ;  and 
has  about  40  acres  of  cultivated  ground.  The  patients  work, 
ride,  or  amuse  themselves  in  various  ways,  and  on  Sunday 
attend  divine  service,  It  is  exceedingly  well  managed  and 
has  been  of  great  service  to  numbers  of  afflicted  persons.    , 

The  Atheneum,  an  elegant  edifice  on  Main  st.,  contains 
rooms  for  the  Young  Menh  Institute  and  the  Historical  So- 


ciety, and  a  Gallery  of  Paintings. 

R  2 


The  Exchanfre  biiildinss 


198 


NEW    V  O  R  K    TO    BOSTON. 


r 


(It  Ihe  corner  of  Main  and  State  8t8.  are  quite  ornamental. 

The  Orphan  Asylum,  is  delightfully  situated  on  an  eminence, 

\  and  consists  of  handsome  and  spacious  edifices,  well  managed. 

The  celebrated  "  Charier  oak"  in  which  the  charter  of  the 
colony  was  hid,  is  still  in  a  vigorous  state  and  likely  to  flour- 
ish for  another  century.  It  stands  on  a  beautiful  elevation, 
in  a  lower  part  of  the  city,  near  the  seat  of  the  Willys  fa- 
mily. The  original  charter  may  be  seen  at  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State. 

Hartford  contains  13  churches,  6  banks  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $3,680,000,  4  insurance  companies  with  a  capital 
of  about  $1,000,000,  2  markets,  an  arsenal,  a  jail  on  the  mo- 
dern penitentiary  system,  and  a  museum. 

The  city  within  a  few  years  has  been  much  improved, 
many  elegant  buildings  erected,  and  has  exhibited  a  spirit 
of  enterprise  and  prosperity.  It  is  well  calculated  to  become 
a  considerable  commercial  capital.  Connecticut  r.  has  been 
made  navigable  220  ra.  above  it,  and  brings  much  produce 
from  the  fertile  country  watered  by  it.  Two  steamboats  ply 
daily  for  Springfield  ;  and  two  for  New  York  ]  steam  freight 
vessels  ply  for  N.  York,  Philadelphia,  Albany,  Boston,  New 
London,  Norwich,  Providence,  and  Fall  River.  Numerous 
stage  routes  also  centre  in  the  city.  The  Connecticut  r.  is 
crossed  by  a  draw-bridge,  from  Morgan  st.  It  was  built  in 
1809,  partially  swept  away  and  rebuilt  in  1818,  at  a  cost  of 
$150,000.  There  are  two  burying  grounds,  the  old  and  the 
new,  both  interesting  and  handsome  spots. 

Hartford  was  settled  in  1635,  and  the  number  of  settlers 
was  much  increased  the  next  year  by  the  accession  of  Mr. 
Hooker  and  his  followers.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1784. 

Hotels;  A"^  tican  Hotel,  State  st.  and  Court-house  square  j 
Athenrnm  HoLel,  Main  and  Mulberry;  and  Clinton  House, 
15  Central  ilow. 


!V 


SPRINGFIELD. 


199 


■>r»  ^-  • 


Routes  from  Hartford. 


tiers 
Mr. 


ire  J 


ise. 


By  R.  R.  to  New  Haven  36  m. ;  to  Springneld  26  m. 

By  Stage  to  New  Haven  40  m. ;  to  Saybrook  42  m. ;  to 
New  London  44  m. ',  to  Norwich  39  m. ;  to  W.  Killingly  47  m. ; 
to  Killingly  45  m. ;  to  Wilbraham,  Mass.  33  m. ;  to  Westfield, 
Mass.  28  m. ;  to  Canaan  43  m. ;  to  Litchfield  33  m. 

Leaving  Hartford  in  the  cars  we  continue  in  the  fertile 
valley  of  the  Connecticut,  passing  through  Bloomjield,  6  m. 
Windsor  a  scattered  village  several  miles  in  length,  and  cross 
the  Connecticut  by  a  bridge  1234  ft.  in  length,  pass  through 
Thompsonvillej  and  arrive  at 

;        SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

24  m.  N.  of  H.  most  delightfully  situated  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Connecticut  r.  and  one  of  the  most  important  inland 
towns  in  New  England.  Pop.  1845,  14,703.  Hotels,  Ameri- 
can House,  and  the  Massasoit  House,  both  on  Main  st.  near 
the  R.  R.  depot  j  Hamden  House,  Court  Square  j  and  the  U. 
States  Hotel,  corner  of  Main  and  State  sts. 

Near  the  river,  are  rich  alluvial  meadows,  and  back  of 
them  the  ground  rises  to  a  considerable  elevation.  The 
principal  and  business  part  of  the  town  is  built  on  Main  st. 
spacious  and  over  2  m.  in  length,  containing  some  elegant 
houses.  This  street  runs  parallel  with  the  r.  and  on  the  E. 
of  it  on  rising  ground,  are  some  fine  building  sites.  It  con- 
tains a  courthouse,  jail,  and  6  churches.  The  U.  States  have 
here  one  of  the  most  extensive  constructing  arsenals  and  ar- 
mory in  the  Union,  well  worthy  of  a  visit.  It  is  situated  on 
elevated  ground  half  a  m.  E.  of  the  village,  and  consists  of  a 
brick  edifice  2  stories  high,  occupied  by  lock-filers,  stockers, 
and  finishers;  a  brick  forging  shop  and  other  buildings,  be- 
sides numerous  smaller  shops  and  stores ;  all  arranged  in  the 


r*l- 


200 


NEW   YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


form  of  a  square  of  20  acres.  The  water  works  are  on  Mill 
r.  about  a  m.  S,  of  the  arsenal.     It  was  established  in  1795. 

On  Chickapee  r.  4i  m.  N.  of  Springfield  village;  is  the 
flourishing  manufacturing  village  oi  Chickapee,  which  contains 
3  churches,  large  cotton  and  other  manufactories,  and  about 
2000  inhabitants. 

From  Springfield  a  pleasant  and  romantic  trip  can  be  made 
to  Northampton,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  Massa- 
chusetts, containing  5  churches,  many  elegant  houses,  and 
3,750  inhabitants.  Mount  Tom  in  the  town,  and  Mount  Hoi- 
yoke  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Connecticut,  two  command- 
ing summits,  the  latter  1,070  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  river, 
will  well  repay  the  trouble  in  ascending  them.  Two  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  visiters  have  been  erected  on  the 
summit  of  Mt.  Holyoke,  from  whence  a  delightful  view  of 
the  fertile  valley,  and  the  surrounding  varied  scenery,  may 
be  had. . 

Above  Northampton  on  the  Connectit  ul,  are  the  villages 
of  Hadley,  Greenfield,  Brattleboro,  and  bellows  Falls,  Vt. 
reached  by  R.  R.  from  Springfield.   -  f     ».  .i 

Springfield  is  the  centre  from  whence  four  great  lines  of 
railroads  diverge  to  the  different  points  of  the  compass. 

Leaving  Springfield  in  the  cars  we  pass  through  Wilbra- 
ham,  Palmer,  Warren,  Brookfield,  Charlton,  Leicester,  and 
arrive  at 

■  WORCESTER, 

•  .-,.      «'>.;  -  •''  "'■  "v    ''  ■        ■■ 

One  of  the  oldest  and  most  important  inland  towns  in  the 
state.  Pop.  1845,  11,514.  Hotels,  American  Temperance 
H.,  United  States  H.,  and  Worcester  House. 

The  town  is  situated  in  a  valley,  and  surrounded  by  hills 
of  gentle  acclivity.  It  is  well  built,  the  houses  being  neat 
and  many  of  them  elegant.    Main  st.  is  the  principal  street 


•# 


WORCESTER. 


301 


of 

)ra- 
ind 


Ithe 
ice 

ills 
[eat 
reel 


crossed  by  others  at  right  angles.  It  contains  a  new  and 
splendid  courthouse,  jail,  4  oanks,  13  churches,  a  manual 
labour  high  school,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  college.  The  Hall 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society  built  by  its  first  president  Isaiah 
Thomas,  the  author  of  the  "History  of  Printing,"  is  a  neat 
building  with  two  wings  and  a  Doric  portico;  it  has  a  library 
of  12,000  vols,  many  of  them  very  rare  relating  to  American 
history.  The  Lunatic  Asylum  consists  of  a  main  building 
with  wings  and  two  other  end  buildings,  the  whole  forming 
three  sides  of  a  square.  It  is  one  of  the  best  institutions  of 
the  kind  in  the  country.  <>        ' 

Worcester  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  trade.  The  Black- 
stone  canal  from  Providence,  R.  I.  45  m.  in  length,  termi- 
nates here.  The  Boston  and  W.  rail  r.  extends  44  m.  to 
Boston,  and  cost  81,500,000.  It  also  extends  westward 
through  Springfield  to  Albany.  The  Norwich  and  W.  rail  r. 
extends  to  New  London,  from  whence  the  steamboats  are 
taken  to  go  to  N.  York.  There  are  numerous  woollen,  cot- 
ton, and  paper  manufactories. 

From  Worcester  the  r.  r.  crosses  the  Blackstone  r.  passes 
through  its  valley,  then  through  a  cut  in  a  ridge  of  slate  rock, 
which  is  37  ft.  deep;  then  descending  at  the  rate  of  30  ft. 
to  thft  mile  over  a  rough  country,  it  enters  the  valley  of  Long 
Pond,  until  we  reach  Cutler's  Peak,  where  we  strike  the  val- 
ley of  Elizabeth  r.  and  pursue  it  to  Westborotigh ;  we  then 
follow  the  valley  of  the  Concord  r.  until  we  turn  the  end  of 
Natic  Pond ;  we  now  ascend  at  the  rate  of  30  ft.  to  a  m.  and 
pass  the  S.  end  of  Morse's  Pond  on  an  embankment  47  ft. 
high  and  700  feet  long.  We  then  cross  the  Worcester  turn- 
pike, and  passing  the  town  of  Needham  cross  Charles  r.  on  a 
bridge  of  a  single  span  120  ft.  long;  and  follow  the  valley  of 
the  river  passing  Newton  and  arrive  at  Boston,  for  a  descrip- 
tion of  which,  see  page  207. 


202 


NEW   YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


.  f 


II.   VIA  LONG  ISLAND,  NORWICH,  AND  WORCESTER, 
23  M.  lUft  U.     FARE  $3.00. 

Passengers  by  this  route,  the  quickest  and  most  pictur- 
esque, take  the  steamboat  from  the  South  Furry  to  Brooklyn 
(described  on  p.  55)  and  there  take  the  cars  of  the  Loni; 
Island  R.  R.  passing  through  Jamaica  12  m.  Hempstead  Br. 
19  m.,  Hicksville  27  m.,  Farmingdale  32  m.,  St.  George's 
Manor  68  m.,  Riverhead  75  m.,  and  arrive  at  Greenport  96  m., 
where  we  take  the  steamboat  for  a  2  hour's  trip  of  32  m. 
across  the  sound  to  •'  \t' 


7.. 


-         NEW  LONDON,  CT., 

On  the  W.  side  of  the  Thames  r.  3  m.  from  its  mouth.  Pop. 
5519.  In  the  rear  of  the  city  the  ground  is  elevated,  afford- 
ing some  beautiful  sites  for  dwellings.  The  city  is  irregu- 
larly laid  out;  many  of  the  houses  are  neat  and  elegant. 
The  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  U.  States,  with  a  depth 
of  30  ft.  sufficient  for  the  largest  ships  of  war.  It  is  defended 
by  the  two  forts,  Trumbull  on  the  W.  and  Griswold  on  the 
£.  side.  The  city  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  customhouse, 
3  banks,  2  insurance  companies,  an  almshouse,  9  churches, 
and  several  large  manufactories.  The  principal  commerce 
is  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  which  employs  over  50  ves- 
sels and  a  capital  of  a  million  and  a  half  dollars.  The  fish- 
eries and  coasting  trade  are  also  extensive.  In  1781,  the 
British  under  the  traitor  Arnold  burned  a  large  part  of  the 
town,  destroying  property  to  the  amount  of  nearly  $500,000, 
and  captured  the  garrison  of  Fort  Griswold,  most  of  whom 
were  barbarously  massacred.  The  granite  obelisk  125  ft. 
high,  commemorates  the  event. 

From  here  we  continue  in  the  ears  13  m.  to 


^;. 


NORWICH. 


203 


NORWICH,  CONN. 


►  v 


The  city  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  Thames  r. 
It  consists  of  the  city,  the  town,  Westville,  Yanticville,  and 
Greenville.  The  mam  part  of  the  city  is  built  on  the  southern 
declivity  of  a  high  and  rocky  hill ;  the  houses,  which  are 
mostly  painted  white,  are  built  in  tiers,  rising  one  above  an- 
other, and  with  the  surrounding  scenery  the  city  presents  a 
a  most  romantic  and  beautiful  view.     It  contains  4  banks,  a 
courthouse,  and  8  churches.    The  town  is  surrounded  with 
hills,  and  contains  many  beautiful  sites  for  residences.   West- 
ville, N.  W.  of  the  town,  contains  a  number  of  manufacturing 
establishments.   At  the  junction  of  the  Yantic  with  the  She- 
tucket  r.  which  united  form  the  Thames,  the  channel  is  very 
narrow  between  elevated  rocks.     The  bed  of  the  river  con- 
sists of  a  solid  rock  about  12  ft.  perpendicular,  over  which 
the  water  falls  forming  a  wild  and  romantic  cataract,  and  af- 
fording great  water-power.    A  bridge  crosses  the  mouth  of 
the  cove,  at  the  head  of  which  is  Yanticville,  a  flourishing 
manufacturing  village.    Over  the  falls  from  a  high  rock,  a 
party  of  the  Mohegan  Indians  are  said  to  have  thrown  them- 
selves to  escape  from  a  hostile  tribe.    On  the  Shetucket  r. 
E.  of  the  city  is  Greenville  a  flourishing  manufacturing  vil- 
lage, containing  fulling,  grist,  and  paper  mills,  and  woollen 
and  cotton  factories.  Total  population  of  the  city  and  towns, 
7239. 

From  Norwich  after  passing  through  Jewetts  city,  Plain- 
field,  Central  Village,  Daysville,  Killingly,  Pomfret,  Fishers- 
ville,  Webster,  Mass.,  Oxford,  we  arrive  at  Worcester,  for  de- 
scription of  which  see  page  200. 


III.     VIA  STONINGTON  AND  PROVIDENCE,    214  M.   13i  H. 

Passengers  by  this  the  most  direct  line  take  the  steam- 


204 


NEW    YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


boat  which  leaves  daily  at  5  P.  M.  from  Pier  No.  1,  North  r. 
foot  of  Battery  Place,  for 

Stonington,  Conn.  135  m.  The  principal  village  is  on  a 
rocky  point  of  land  extending  half  a  mile  into  Long  Island 
sound,  and  has  a  good  harbour  protected  by  a  breakwater 
built  by  the  U.  S.  government  at  an  expense  of  $50,000.  It 
is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  well  built.  It  has  quite  a  num- 
ber of  vessels  engaged  in  the  whale  and  seal  fisheries  and 
the  coasting  trade.  There  are  2  churches,  a  bank,  and  over 
1000  inhabitants. 

From  Stonington  we  take  the  R.  R.  through  Rhode  Island 
47  ra.  via  Westerly,  5  m.;  Richmond  7  m.;  Kingston  13m.; 
and  Greenwich  36  m.  to 

PROVIDENCE, 

The  semi-capital  of  the  state,  situated  at  the  head  of  Narra- 
ganselt  bay,  and  divided  by  Providence  r.  into  nearly  equal 
portions,  connected  by  bridges.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  city  is 
Seekonk  r.  across  which  are  two  bridges,  connecting  it  with 
Scekonk  in  Mass.  The  city  limits  contain  an  area  of  about  9  m. 
The  two  principal  streets  are  long  and  irregular,  and  comprise 
the  business  portion  of  the  city,  with  the  exception  of  a  long 
range  of  large  brick  warehouses  on  the  E.  side.  The  build- 
ings on  the  other  streets  are  constructed  with  taste  and  ele- 
gance. On  the  E.  side  of  the  r.  the  land  rises  abruptly ;  the 
three  principal  streets  run  parallel  with  the  r.  and  contain  a 
number  of  public  buildings,  as  the  governor's  official  resi- 
dence, the  buildings  of  Brown  university,  the  Atheneum, 
most  of  the  banks,  and  many  elegant  private  residences. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are ;  the  State  House,  a  large 
edifice  of  brick.  The  buildings  of  Brown  University  occupy 
a  commanding  situation  on  Prospect  st. ;  they  are  four  in 
number.    It  was  originally  founded  in  1766  and  named  after 


PROV  1  DE  N  C  E. 


205 


its  benefactor,  in  1801.  It  has  a  president  and  8  professors, 
a  library  of  17,200  vols.,  an  extensive  philosophical  and 
chemical  apparatus,  and  a  very  complete  cabinet  of  mine- 
ralogy and  natural  history.  The  Atheneum,  founded  in  1836 
has  a  handsome  Doric  edifice  of  granite,  two  stories  high,  a 
library  of  over  7000  vols,  and  a  reading  room.  The  lower 
story  is  occupied  by  the  Franklin  and  Historical  societies. 
The  Arcade  is  a  fine  edifice  extending  between  two  streets, 
with  a  Doric  portico  of  six  columns  on  each  front,  built  of 
granite  at  a  cost  of  $130,000.  The  Friends'  hoarding  school^ 
a  flourishing  institution  has  a  spacious  edifice  of  stone  and 
brick,  and  10  teachers.  There  are  also  in  the  city,  a  city 
hall,  jail,  and  state  prison,  a  hospital,  3  market  houses,  a 
custom  house,  theatre,  30  churches  some  of  which  are  fine 
specimens  of  architecture,  26  religious  and  benevolent  socie- 
ties, 21  banks  with  a  capital  of  over  $7,000,000,  and  6  insu- 
rance companies. 

The  commerce  of  Providence,  on  account  of  its  facilities, 
is  quite  extensive.  The  harbour  at  the  head  of  the  Narra- 
gansett  bay,  33  m.  from  the  ocean  is  spacious,  and  has  a 
sufficient  depth  for  the  largest  vessels.  The  principal  trade 
is  with  parts  of  Europe,  the  West  Indies,  and  extensively 
with  the  southern  states,  the  extensive  cotton  manufactories 
requiring  a  large  supply  of  cotton.  It  is  connected  with 
New  York,  Albany,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore,  by  several 
lines  of  packets.  The  Blackstone  canal  extending  from 
Worcester  to  Providence  45  m.  brings  down  goods  from  the 
numerous  factories  scattered  along  the  route. 

Providence  was  first  settled  by  Roger  Williams  in  1636, 
incorporated  as  a  town  in  1649,  and  chartered  as  a  city  in 
1831.  In  1675  it  suffered  by  the  Indian  wars;  in  1815,  the 
tide  rose  12  ft.  higher  than  usual  and  destroyed  property 
worth  $1,500,000 ;  it  has  also  suflfered  considerable  by  fires. 
Pop.  23,171. 

S 


206 


NEW    YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


f.  ft 


Hotels;  Columbian  House,  and  Earl  House,  on  Main  st. ; 
Manufacturers'  Hotel,  and  National  House,  on  Market  Square; 
and  the  Washington  Hotel,  No.  4  Weybosset  st. 

From  Providence  to  Taunton  and  New  Bedford^  by  R.  R. 
at  8  A.  M.  and  3i  P.  M.    And  also  by  steamboats. 

From  Providence  a  pleasant  trip  can  be  made  to  Newport, 
the  semi-capital  of  the  state,  30  m.  S.  by  E.  from  Pr.  and  5 
m.  from  the  ocean.  It  has  an  excellent  and  safe  harbour, 
defended  by  three  forts.  Its  commerce  is  extensive  a  num- 
ber of  vessels  being  engaged  in  the  fisheries,  in  the  trade 
with  the  E.  Indies  and  part  of  Europe,  with  the  W.  Indies, 
and  the  coasting  trade.  Its  site  is  beautiful ;  the  compact 
part  of  the  town  being  built  facing  the  harbor  in  a  S.  E,  di- 
rection, and  having  a  gentle  declivity  to  the  shore,  it  appears 
finely  from  the  water.  The  houses  are  neatly  built,  espe- 
cially those  on  the  mainstreoi  and  Washington  Square.  The 
beauty  of  its  position,  the  salubrity  of  the  climate,  and  the 
numerous  inviting  objects  around  it  have  rendered  it  a  very 
fashionable  and  delightful  place  of  resort  for  the  summer 
months.  Fish  of  the  finest  flavor  and  in  great  abundance 
are  taken  in  its  waters.  It  contains  a  state  house,  jail,  7 
banks,  12  churches,  a  theatre,  a  public  library  of  8000  vols., 
several  societies,  and  numerous  factories.  There  are  some 
fine  hotels,  and  the  accommodations  are  excellent.  Pop.  9000. 

During  the  season  of  navigation  a  line  of  steamboats  runs 
direct  from  New  York  to  Newport  and  Providence  j  and  there 
connects  with  the  Providence  and  Boston  R.  R. 

From  Providence  we  take  the  cars  passing  through  See- 
konk  2  m.,  Dodgeville  6  m.,  Attleboro  2  m.,  Mansfield  7  m., 
Foxboro'  3  m.,  Sharon  4  m..  Canton  4  m.,  Dedham  6  m., 
Roxbury  6  m.,  and  arrive  in  Boston  8  m.,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Common. 


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BOSTON. 


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BOSTON. 

Boston,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  the  metropolis  of 
New  England,  and  the  second  city  in  commerce,  and  fifth  in 
population  in  the  United  States,  is  partly  situated  on  a  penin- 
sula with  an  uneven  surface,  3  m.  long  and  1  m.  broad,  at 
the  head  of  Massachusetts  bay ;  it  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
the  waters  of  Boston  harbor  on  the  east,  and  Charles  river 
on  the  north  and  west.  The  peninsula  was  originally  marked 
by  three  hills,  which  now  afford  admirable  sites  for  building, 
and  give  the  city  a  bold  and  handsome  appearance.  The 
city  is  in  42°  21'  N.  Lat.  and  5°  54'  E.  Lon.  from  Washing- 
ton J  it  is  106  m.  S.  S.  W.  from  Portland,  Me. ,  163  m.  S.  S.  W. 
Augusta;  63  m.  S.  S.  E.  Concord,  N.  H. ;  158  m.  E.  by  S. 
Albany;  40  ra.  N.  N.  E.  Providence ;  97  m.  E.  N.  E.  Hart- 
ford ;  207  m.  E.  by  N.  New  York ;  440  m.  N.  E.  Washing- 
ton. Pop.  in  1800,  24,937;  1820,  43,298;  1840,  93,383; 
1845,  114,366. 

Boston  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  Old  Boston  on  the  pe- 
ninsula; South  Boston;  and  East  Boston.  South  BostoHy 
formerly  a  part  of  Dorchester,  but  united  to  the  city  in  1804, 
extends  about  2  m.  along  the  S.  side  of  the  harbor,  and  is 
laid  out  into  regular  streets  and  squares.  The  surface  pre- 
sents a  picturesque  appearance,  and  commands  a  splendid 
view  of  Boston,  its  harbor,  and  the  surrounding  country.  In 
nearly  the  centre  of  this  tract  are  the  Dorchester  Heights, 
130  ft.  high,  on  which  Washington  erected  a  fortification  in 
1775,  compelling  the  British  to  evacuate  the  harbor.  It  is 
connected  with  the  Neck  by  the  South  Boston  bridge  1551 
ft.  long,  40  ft.  wide,  and  completed  in  1805  at  a  cost  of 
S56,000;  and  with  Boston  by  the  free  bridge  500  ft.  long  and 
38  ft.  wide,  completed  in  1828. 


208 


BOSTON. 


East  Boston,  built  on  Noddle's  Island,  is  connected  with 
Boston,  by  a  steam  ferry  the  boats  of  which  run  every  five 
minutes ;  with  Chelsea  on  the  main  land,  by  a  bridge  600  ft. 
long,  and  by  a  steam  ferry. 

The  Neck  or  isthmus  connecting  the  peninsula  with  the 
main  land,  is  the  principal  avenue  to  the  city  from  the  south. 

Besides  the  above  mentioned  Bridges,  Boston  is  connected 
with  the  surrounding  country  by  other  extensive  structures. 
With  Charlestown  on  the  N.,  by  a  bridge  across  Charles  river, 
1503  ft.  long,  42  ft.  wide,  with  a  draw  30  ft.  wide,  and  com- 
pleted in  1786  at  an  expense  of  $50,000 ;  and  by  the  Warren 
bridge,  1390  ft.  long  and  44  ft.  wide,  with  a  macadamized  road. 
With  Cambridgeport  on  the  W.  by  the  West  Boston  bridge 
2758  ft.  long,  with  a  causeway  3344  ft.  long  and  an  abutment 
of  874  ft.,  making  the  whole  length  6190  ft.  resting  on  180 
piers,  and  built  in  1793  at  a  cost  of  $76,667.  With  Lech- 
mere  Pomt  in  Cambridge  on  the  N.  W.,  by  the  canal  or 
Craigie's  bridge  2796  ft.  long  and  40  ft.  wide,  completed  in 
1807  J  a  lateral  bridge  also  extends  from  this  to  Prison  Point, 
Charlestown.  With  Brookline  on  the  W.  by  the  Western 
Avenue  a  road  mill-dam,  li  m.  long  from  60  to  100  ft.  wide, 
and  costing  with  a  lateral  dam  to  Roxbury  $700,000. 

The  Harbour  one  of  the  best  in  the  U.  States,  is  safe  and 
commodious,  deep  enough  to  admit  the  largest  vessels,  ca- 
pable of  containing  500  ships  at  once,  completely  and  se- 
curely land-locked,  easily  defended  the  main  entrance  being 
so  narrow  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  ships  abreast,  and  pro- 
tected by  Forts  Independence  and  Warren.  The  outer  har- 
bour is  defended  by  a  strong  fortress  erected  by  the  national 
government  on  George's  Island.  The  harbour  contains  many 
beautiful  islands,  receives  the  waters  of  several  large  rivers, 
and  has  numerous  large  towns  on  its  borders.  There  are 
many  large  wharves,  most  of  them  lined  with  capacious 
stores.    India  wharf  is  980  ft.  long  and  246  to  290  ft.  wide ; 


^ 


PLAN     OP    THE    CITY. 


200 


Central  wharf  is  1379  ft.  long  and  150  ft.  wide;  Long  wharf 
at  the  foot  of  State  st.  is  1800  ft.  long  and  200  ft.  wide ;  Cu- 
nard's  wharf  1000  ft.  long  is  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  steam- 


Boston  was  founded  in  1630;  in  that  year  Gov.  Winthrop 
arrived  with  a  large  number  of  emigrants,  and  settled  in 
Charlestown,  but  afterwards  removed  to  Boston.  The  origi- 
nal appearance  of  Boston  was  that  of  three  hills,  the  western 
one  of  which  terminated  in  three  summits,  from  which  cir- 
cumstances the  English  settlers  changed  the  Indian  name 
of  Shawmut  to  Tremountain,  which  was  again  altered  to 
Boston,  in  compliment  to  their  minister  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cotton, 
who  had  formerly  resided  at  Boston  in  England.  Boston 
continued  a  town,  and  was  so  governed  until  1822.  By  the 
charter  of  that  year,  the  city  was  divided  into  12  wards,  and 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  8  aldermen,  and  48  common  coun- 
cil men ;  besides  which  each  ward  has  its  own  warden,  over- 
seer of  the  poor,  and  other  officers. 

The  city  presents  a  very  beautiful  and  attractive  appear- 
ance to  the  stranger,  especially  when  approached  from  the 
sea.  Its  streets  do  not  exhibit  so  great  a  regularity  as  some 
other  cities,  having  been  originally  laid  on  no  regular  plan ; 
but  the  inconveniences  arising  from  their  being  so  crooked 
and  narrow  have  been  avoided  in  the  newer  portions,  and 
been  remedied  in  some  measure  by  improvements  in  the 
older  parts.  The  city  generally  is  beautifully  and  substan- 
tially built,  and  contains  many  elegant  private  and  public 
buildings  mostly  of  brick  and  granite.  The  general  neatness 
of  the  houses  of  which  there  were  in  1845,  12,026,  and  the 
great  cleanliness  of  the  streets,  favourably  impress  the 
stranger.  No  smoking  is  allowed  in  the  streets  within  the 
city.  The  celebrated  Common  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  city, 
contains  an  area  of  about  75  acres,  enclosed  by  an  elegant 
iron  fence  about  a  mile  in  length.  It  occupies  the  declivity 
14  s  2 


210 


BOSTON. 


of  Beacon  Hill,  and  has  a  pleasantly  diversified  surface.  It 
contains  the  Mall,  a  very  beautiful  promenade  ground,  adorned 
with  trees;  the  State  House  in  the  N.  part,  a  Botanic  garden 
in  the  W.  part ;  and  Crescent-pond  a  beautiful   sheet  of 


water. 


'  -  if-' 


THE   STATE   HOUSE, 


Fronting  on  the  spacious  common,  stands  on  the  summit  of 
Beacon  Hill  1 10  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  bay,  and  occupies 
the  highest  and  most  commanding  situation  in  the  city.  It 
is  173  ft.  long  and  61  ft.  wide.  Above  the  basement  rises 
the  principal  story  30  ft.  high,  with  an  attic  60  ft.  wide  and 
20  ft.  high,  supporting  a  pediment  on  which  rises  a  splendid 
dome  50  ft.  in  diameter  and  20  ft.  high ;  the  whole  termi- 
nated by  a  lantern,  crowned  with  an  elegant  pine  cone.  The 
centre  of  the  building  is  94  ft.  in  length,  and  formed  cf  arches 
which  project  14  ft.,  forming  a  covered  walk  below,  which 
supports  a  colonnade  of  Corinthian  columns.  The  lower 
story  is  divided  into  a  large  hall  50  ft.  square  and  20  ft.  high, 
supported  by  Doric. columns;  on  the  S.  side  of  this  story  in  a 
neat  temple  is  a  noble  statue  of  Washington  by  Chantry.  In 
the  rooms  above  are  the  Representatives'  room  55  ft.  square, 
w^ith  a  dome  50  ft.  high ;  and  the  Senate  chamber  55  ft.  long 
33  ft.  wide  and  30  ft.  high;  the  Council  chamber  is  27  ft. 
square  and  20  ft.  high.  The  dome  is  ascended  by  a  spiral 
stairway,  and  from  its  top  230  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  har- 
bour, is  presented  one  of  the  finest  views  iri  the  U.  States. 
The  spectator  looks  down  upon  the  city  with  its  bridges,  its 
masses  of  architecture,  and  its  busy  population — the  harbour 
and  bay  studded  with  its  hundred  isles  and  crowded  with 
shipping,  and  spreading  far  away  to  the  ocean — and  in  va- 
rious directions  the  richly  cultivated  country,  studded  with 
villages  and  country  seats,  render  the  view  unsurpassed  in 
the  world.  ,        , 


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211 


FANEUIL    HALL, 

Erected  in  1742,  and  presented  to  the  city  by  the  gpiitlemun 
whose  name  it  bears,  is  100  ft.  long,  80  ft.  wide,  and  3  stories 
high.  The  lower  story  is  occupied  by  stores ;  in  the  second 
is  the  great  hall  76  ft.  square  and  28  ft.  high,  with  galleries 
on  three  Hides  supported  by  Doric  columns.  It  is  adorned 
with  superb  paintings  of  patriots,  statesmen,  and  warriors, 
amongst  which  is  the  great  full  length  poilrait  of  Washing- 
ton by  Stuart,  and  another  of  Peter  Faneuil.  The  third  story 
is  improved  for  armories.  It  is  styled  the  '  Cradle  of  Liberty' 
for  in  this  building  were  held  the  first  meetings  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  here  were  they  stimulated  by  patriotic  addresses 
from  the  orators  of  the  Revolution. 


FANEUIL    HALL    MARKET, 

The  most  splendid  structure  of  the  kind  in  the  Union,  is  E. 
of  meuil  Hall,  between  N.  and  S.  Market  sts.,  on  each  of 
which  are  splendid  warehouses  with  granite  fronts.  It  was 
couipleted  in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  S150,000,  is  536  ft.  long 
50  ft.  wide,  with  a  centre  building  projecting  2i  ft.  beyond 
the  wings,  and  is  two  stories  high.  At  the  E.  and  W.  ends 
of  the  wings  are  fine  porticoes  of  four  Grecian  Doric  columns, 
31  ft.  high  j  the  centre  building  is  77  ft.  high  surmounted  by 
a  beautiful  dome.  The  lowei  story  is  used  as  a  market  for 
meat,  fish,  and  vegetables  .  the  upper  story  of  the  main 
building  is  a  beautiful  liall  70  ft.  by  60  ft.  and  named  Quincy 
Hall  after  Josiah  Quincy  former  mayor  of  the  city ;  the  upper 
story  of  each  wing  is  divided  into  two  extensive  halls  for 
exhibition  and  sales  rooms. 


I 


THE    CITY    HALL    OR    OLD    STATE    HOUSE, 

At  the  head  of  Stale  st.  occupies  the  site  of  two  previous 


,■■ 


1 1 


212 


BOSTON. 


buildings  which  were  destroyed  by  fire.  The  present  one 
was  erected  1748,  is  110  ft.  long,  38  ft.  wide,  and  3  stories 
high,  occupied  by  the  city  government,  reading  room,  &c. 

s  THE  merchants'  EXCHANGE, 

Fronting  on  State  and  Lindall  sts.  is  a  new  and  splendid 
building  containing  besides  other  apartments,  a  well  fur- 
nished news-room,  and  the  Post  office.  The  room  occupied 
by  the  latter  is  exceedingly  well  adapted  for  its  purpose  j  it 
commences  on  the  left  hand  side  near  the  great  staircase  of 
the  Exchange,  and  extends  for  100  ft.  parallel  with  Con- 
gress St.  Office  hours  7  A.  M.  to  8  P.  M.  Sundays  Hi  to  124 
A.M. 


■j'lf- 


THE   NEW  CUSTOM  HOUSE 

On  Court  Square  and  adjoining  the  City  Hall,  commenced 
in  1833,  is  constructed  of  hewn  Quincy  granite,  and  is  175  ft. 
long,  53  ft.  wide,  and  57  ft.  high.  The  N.  and  S.  fronts  have 
each  a  Grecian  Doric  portico  of  four  columns,  weighing  25 
tons  each.  The  interior  contains  4  court  rooms  50  ft.  by 
40,  and  various  public  offices. 

The  New  Custom  House,  on  India  st.  between  Central  and 
Long  wharves,  is  a  costly  edifice  of  granite  in  the  Grecian 
style,  has  an  elegant  Doric  portico  its  entire  length,  with  a 
fine  dome  in  the  centre,  and  is  well  adapted  for  the  wants 
of  so  great  a  commercial  metropolis.  ... 

The  other  public  buildings  are, — Amory  Hally  223  Wash- 
ington St.  corner  of  West ;  Boylston  marketj  Boylston  st. ; 
City  market,  between  Brattleborough  and  Elm  sts. ;  County 
Jail,  Leverett  st. :  Washingtonian  Hall,  Court  st. ;  Massachu- 
setts Arsenal,  Pleasant  st. ;  Mechanics^  Hall,  Washington  st. ; 
and,  Medical  College,  Mason  st. 


i  I 


LITERARY    INSTITUTIONS. 


213 


» ,.  ■ 


LITERARY   INSTITUTIONS. 


The  Atheneum  on  Pearl  st.  founded  in  1807,  has  a  spa- 
cious building,  containing  a  library  of  35,000  vols.,  an  exten- 
sive collection  of  rare  coins  and  medals,  and  a  reading-room, 
well  furnished  with  foreign  and  American  papers  and  perio- 
dicals to  which  strangers  introduced  by  a  subscriber  are  ad- 
mitted. It  has  also  an  edifice  in  the  rear  of  the  main  build- 
ing called  Atheneum  Hall,  60  by  60  ft.  and  3  stories  high, 
containing  a  large  lecture  room,  complete  scientific  apparatus, 
a  gallery  and  fine  collection  of  statuary  and  paintings,  and 
rooms  for  various  purposes.  A  new  and  handsomely  orna- 
mented building  is  about  to  be  erected. 

The  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  founded  in 
1780,  has  published  several  volumes  of  transactions,  and  has 
a  library  of  6,000  volumes. 

The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  incorporated  in  1794, 
have  published  26  volumes  of  its  collections,  and  possess  a 
library  of  6,000  books  and  manuscripts,  and  many  fine  por- 
traits. c-n'-^N.'    '■  :.-  ■  ■:>^--.;.- -;,     ,   .'    -      .V'    ^    v    •,.;,-    '     v    , 

The  Society  of  Natural  History  instituted  in  1830,  has  a 
cabinet  and  museum  of  much  interest,  with  a  library  of  1500 
vols. 

The  New  England  Museum  in  Court  st.  opened  in  1818, 
occupies  two  spacious  halls  in  an  extensive  block  of  build- 
ings, and  possesses  a  rare  and  valuable  collection  of  over 
60,000  curiosities,  much  increased  by  the  addition  of  other 
collections. 

The  Public  Schools  are  in  the  most  complete  state  of  any 
city  in  the  Union.  There  are  a  Latin  grammar  school,  an 
English  High  school,  19  grammar  and  writing  schools,  175 
primary  and  infant  schools,  16,288  scholars,  and  256  teachers. 
The  scholars  if  sufficiently  advanced  are  admitted  into  the 


I 


M 


214 


BOS  TON. 


Latin  school  at  9,  and  the  High  school  at  12  years  of  age. 
The  whole  expenditures  for  25  years  until  May  1st  1845,  in- 
cluding first  cost  of  houses  amounting  to  $616,217;  was 
$2,437,327. 

Courses  of  Lectures  on  a  great  variety  of  subjects  are  de- 
livered in  Boston,  and  scarcely  an  evening  occurs  in  the 
winter  season,  in  which  one  or  more  lectures  may  not  be 
enjoyed.  The  Lowell  Institute,  founded  by  Mr.  John 
Lowell,  Jr.  with  a  legacy  of  $245,000,  sustains  a  course  of 
free  lectures  by  the  income  derived  from  its  endowment. 
The  course  is  delivered  by  some  of  the  most  eminent  scien- 
tific and  literary  men,  from  October  to  April.  It  is  a  noble 
institution,  and  has  already  done  much  for  the  diffusion  of 
useful  knowledge. 

Though  there  are  not  many  Public  Libraries,  yet  there  are 
some  of  considerable  size ;  the  principal  ones  in  addition  to 
those  mentioned  above,  are :  The  Boston  Library  founded 
m  1794,  with  11,000  vols.;  the  State  Library  founded  in 
1826  has  5,757  vols. ;  the  Bowditch  Library  founded  in  1839 
has  2500  vols. ;  the  Mercantile  Library  founded  in  1820  has 
4500  vols.  J  the  Mechanic  Apprentices'  Library  founded  in 
1820  has  3,000  vols. 

Periodical  Literature  is  quite  extensive  in  Boston.  There 
are  60  newspapers  published,  of  which  13  are  daily ;  besides 
which,  there  are  a  number  of  magazines  and  reviews,  the 
most  distinguished  of  which  is  the  North  American  Review, 
a  periodical  that  has  greatly  contributed  to  raise  the  charac- 
ter of  American  Literature. 


CHARITABLE   AND   OTHER   INSTITUTIONS. 

The  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  incorporated  in  1827,  has  a 
beautiful  and  commodious  building  in  Bowdoin  Square,  and 
is  an  institution  of  great  merit  relieving  thousands  of  cases 
annually. 


\  , 


CHARITABLE    INSTITUTIONS. 


215 


The  Institution  for  the  Blind  went  into  operation  in 
1832,  and  was  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  The 
school  was  opened  by  Dr.  Howe  with  six  blind  scholars,  and 
proved  so  successful,  that  it  was  soon  increased  by  public 
and  private  donations ;  particularly  by  a  ladies'  fair  netting 
$12,000,  and  the  gift  of  a  building  in  Pearl  st.  by  the  Hon. 
Thomas  H.  Perkins  worth  $35,000,  who  gave  it  with  the  pro- 
viso that  $50,000  additional  should  be  raised.  In  1839  the 
estate  of  Mr.  Perkins  was  exchanged  for  the  spacious  and 
elegant  edifice  on  Dorchester  Heights  at  South  Boston.  Its 
object  is  to  instruct  the  young  blind  in  all  the  common 
branches  of  education,  in  music,  and  manual  labor.  It  ha» 
over  70  pupils,  a  complete  printing  press  for  raised  leiters, 
an  organ,  and  13  piano  fortes  and  other  instruments. 

The  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital,  at  Chelsea,  is  a  large  build- 
ing of  rough  stone,  3  stories  high  and  has  10  acres  of  land 
attached.  It  has  accommodations  for  100  patients,  and  ad- 
mits 700  or  800  annually. 

The  U.  S.  Naval  Hospital,  at  Chelsea,  is  located  upon  a 
lot  of  land  of  about  60  acres,  formerly  called  the  "  Dexter 
Farm,"  and  is  the  property  of  the  United  States.  The  build- 
ing is  of  hewn  stone,  3  stories  high,  and  will  accommodate 
about  100  patients. 

The  McLean  Insane  Asylum,  is  a  department  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  the  branch  of  which  for 
medical  and  surgical  diseases  is  at  the  western  part  of  the 
city  on  Allen  st.  The  department  for  the  insane  was  open(  i 
in  1817,  and  occupies  large  buildings  located  on  a  beautiful 
rise  of  ground  in  Charlestown  near  East  Cambridge.  The 
edifices  are  spacious  and  surrounded  by  handsome  grounds. 

The  Houses  of  Correction,  industry,  and  Reformation, 
are  pleasantly  situated  at  South  Boston,  on  an  eminence 
commanding  the  healthful  breezes  of  the  ocean  and  sur- 
rounded with  extensive  grounds.    They  are  each  built  of 


216 


BOSTON. 


rough  stone,  220  ft.  long,  45  ft.  wide,  and  3  stories  high, 
with  a  wing  at  each  end  of  the  main  building.  The  first  is 
a  sort  of  penitentiary,  the  second  is  for  the  virtuous  poor, 
and  the  latter  for  reforming  juvenile  oflenders.  The  Lunatic 
Hospital  is  of  brick  4  stories  high,  and  built  by  the  prisoners 
in  the  House  of  Correction. 

The  Massachusetts  Hospital  occupies  a  space  of  ground 
on  Charles  river  in  the  W.  part  of  the  city,  containing  4  acres 
highly  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  It  has  a  beau- 
tiful edifice  of  gi^nite  168  ft.  long  and  54  ft.  wide,  with  a 
fine  portico  of  eight  Ionic  columns,  and  a  dome  in  tho 
centre. 

The  Medical  Institution  of  Harvard  University  was  founded 
in  1782,  has  6  professors,  86  students,  and  a  library  of  over 
5000  vols. 

The  Female  Refuge  12  Charter  st. ;  the  Female  Orphan 
Asylum  in  Essex  st. ;  Provident  Institution  for  Savings,  Tre- 
mont  St. ;  and  others  are  excellent  institutions. 


( I 


/. 


CHURCHES. 


There  are  75  churches,  several  of  them  very  stalely  and 
imposing,  though  they  generally  are  not  handsome.  The 
following  are  the  best  specimens  of  their  architecture — 

Trinity  Church,  Episcopal,  in  Summer  st.  corner  of  Haw- 
ley  St.  is  an  elegant  and  substantial  structure  in  the  massive 
Gothic  style,  and  built  of  rough  granite.  The  interior  is 
beautifully  painted,  and  it  con'  'ns  a  very  fine  organ.  The 
old  church  was  erected  in  1734,  and  the  present  one  in  1829. 

Park  ct.  Church,  Presbyterian,  at  the  corner  of  Tremont 
and  Park  sts.  opposite  the  Boston  Common,  is  situated  on 
one  of  the  most  commanding  and  delightful  spots  in  the  city. 
The  church  was  consecrated  in  1810,  and  has  a  beautiful 
spire  218  ft.  high,  which  adds  much  to  the  appearance  of  the 


1 1 


TRINITY     CHURCH. 


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PARK     STREET     CHURCH 


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BOUDOIN     SQUARE     CHURCH. 


^ 


PLACES    OF    AMUSEMENT. 


317 


metropolis,  and  forms  one  of  its  most  striking  featurea  when 
viewed  from  a  distance. 

St.  PauVs  Church,  Ep.,  on  Tremont  st.  fronting  the  Com- 
mon, is  built  of  fine  gray  granite  in  the  Ionic  style,  is  112  ft. 
by  72  ft.  wide,  with  a  portico  of  14  ft.  with  6  Ionic  columns. 
It  contains  an  elegant  monument  to  Gen.  Warren,  who  was 
killed  at  Bunker  Hill. 

Grace  Church,  Ep.,  on  Temple  st.  was  consecrated  in  1836, 
and  is  a  beautiful  Gothic  structure. 

Bowdoin  Sqmuc  Church,  Baptist,  opens  to  the  view  from 
all  the  streets  which  radiate  to  the  square.  It  has  a  front 
with  a  tower  110  ft.  high,  and  six  turrets. 

There  are  in  the  city  25  Banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $18,600,000;  of  which  the  Washington  Bank  in  Washing- 
ton St.,  the  Suffolk  Bank  of  granite  in  State  st.,  and  a  few 
others  are  handsome  specimens  of  architecture.  Twenty- 
six  Insurance  Companies  with  a  total  capital  of  $6,080,000. 

PLACES    OF   AMUSEMENT. 


Public  lectures  and  musical  performances  have  nearly 
supersedtMl  the  entertainments  of  the  theatre,  among  the 
most  respectable  class.  The  National  Theatre,  corner  of 
Portland  and  Traverse  sts.  is  the  principal  theatre j  it  was 
built  in  1831,  and  first  used  as  a  circus.  The  Boston  Mu- 
seum, Tremont  corner  of  Bromfield  st.  has  varied  perform- 
ances in  the  evening.  The  Odeon,  in  Federal  st.  was  for- 
merly the  Boston  Theatre,  and  is  used  for  lectures,  concerts, 
and  public  worship.  Tremont  Temple  formerly  the  princi- 
pal theatre  is  also  changed  into  a  church,  havin^r  been  pur- 
chased by  the  Baptists  for  $50,000.  Graham's  Olympic  Sa- 
loon, has  theatrical  performances  every  evening.  The  Chi- 
nese  Museum,  in  the   Marlboro'  Chap*:'!  Washington  st.,  is 

T 


218 


DOS  TUN. 


extremely  iiiloiesling.  The  Howard  Athcneuni  ia also  a  plea- 
sant resort. 

Boston  like  many  other  large  commercial  places  favour- 
ably situated  for  trade,  has  extreme  diliiculty  in  procuring 
good  water.  It  is  inadequately  supplied  by  the  Boston  Aque- 
duct corporation,  incorporated  in  1792,  which  brings  water 
from  Jamaica  Pond  in  Roxbury,  4  m.  from  the  city.  The 
pipes  are  laid  for  a  total  length  of  8  m.  and  can  supply  but 
50,000  gallons  daily.  But  the  water  of  several  ponds  and 
the  Charles  river,  within  8  m.  could  be  brought  to  the  city  at 
a  comparatively  small  cost.  The  subject  is  exciting  con- 
siderable attention;  in  May  1845,  the  water  act  so-called 
was  rejected  by  the  popular  vote  by  a  majority  of  309.  The 
water  for  the  fire  companies  is  obtained  by  reservoirs,  wells, 
and  plugs  in  the  aqueduct. 

The  Fire  department  is  one  of  the  best  organized  of  any 
city  in  the  United  States.  Its  members  are  regularly  paid. 
In  1846  there  were  39  engines  and  hose  carriages  of  all  kinds, 
8  engineers,  518  members,  100  reservoirs,  and  29  fire-plugs. 

The  commerce  and  navigation  of  the  city  is  second  only  to 
New  York.  It  possesses  over  250,000  tons  of  shipping,  em- 
ployed not  only  coastwise  but  with  every  maritime  nation  in 
the  world.  The  great  Cunard  line  of  steamships  runs  be- 
tween this  port  and  Liverpool,  via  Halifax,  performing  their 
voyages  at  an  average  of  12  or  13  days.  The  number  of 
persons  who  arrived  at  the  port  from  abroad  during  1845, 
was  10,689.  The  Middlesex  canal  connects  Boston  with 
Concord  N.  H.  on  the  Merrimack,  and  is  the  oldest  canal  in 
the  U.  States.  Boston  is  also  the  centre  of  numerous  rail- 
roads; by  one  of  which,  to  Albany,  it  is  connected  with  the 
towns  on  the  N.  York  railroads  and  canals,  and  with  the  lakes 
and  the  west.  V, 


m 


HOTELS. 


210 


11  O  T  E  L  S. 


IgS. 


in  in 
be- 
Iheir 
of 
145, 
ith 
11  in 
rail- 
the 
ikes 


Tremont  IFon$e,  ono  of  the  finest  in  the  Union,  has  a  gra- 
nite front  100  ft.  long  and  3  stories  high,  with  two  wings  one 
84  by  34  ft.  the  other  110  by  40  ft.  each  4  stories  high.  It 
contains  180  rooms,  and  cost  S68,000. 

Albion  House,  Tremoi  '  corner  of  Beacon  st. 

American  House,  42  Hanover  st. 

lioylston  Hotel,  38  School  et. 

Bromfield  House,  Bromhold  st. 

City  Tavern,  Brattle  st. 

Ea^rle  Hotel,  24  Ann  st. 

Elm  St.  Hotel,  9  Elm  st. 

Exchange  Coffee  House,  Devoi'  hiro  st. 

Franklin  House,  44  Merchants'  Row. 

Globe  Hotel,  corner  of  Hanover  and  Commerce  sts. 

Hanover  House,  50  Hanover  st 

Marlboro^  Hotel,  229  Washing' on  st. 

Massachusetts  Hotel,  Endicott  st. 

Merchants^  Exchange  Hotel,  State  st. 

Merrimack  House,  Merrimack  st. 

National  Temperance  House,  Blackstone  st. 

New  England  Coffi    House,  Clinton  st. 

Winthrop  House,  co. .  Tremont  and  Boylston  sts. 

Pavilion,  41  Tremont  st. 

Pearl  St.  House.  Pearl  st. 

Shawmut  Hous",  32  Hanover  st. 

South  Boston  Hotel,  Fourth  st. 

Suffolk  House,  392  Washington  st. 

Washington  Coffee  House,  158  Washington  st. 

United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Beach  and  Lincoln  sts. 


i 


J 


220 


VICINITY    OF    BOSTON 


PLACES  IN  THE  VICINITY  OF  BOSTON. 

The  country  around  Boston  is  not  surpassed  by  that  in  the 
vicinity  of  any  other  city  in  the  Union.  From  the  dome  of 
the  State  House,  the  view  of  the  harbour  and  shipping,  of 
Charles  river  and  its  beautiful  country  ornamented  with  ele- 
gant private  mansions,  of  the  numerous  beautiful  towns 
many  of  them  situated  on  hills  amid  highly  cultivated  fields, 
and  of  the  glorious  bay  expanding  to  the  E.  embosoming 
several  islands,  some  of  which  are  fortified,  is  at  once  grand 
and  picturesque  and  equal  to  any  other  view  in  the  world. 


DORCHESTER  t 

4i  m.  S.  of  Boston,  was  settled  by  the  Puritans  in  1630, 
and  soon  increased;  in  1635  various  bodies  of  emigrants  left 
to  settle  different  parts  of  the  country.  Its  surface  is  very 
varied,  presenting  a  continual  succession  of  picturesque  and 
delightful  views  of  the  country,  city,  and  sea.  Its  hill  tops 
and  valleys  are  embellished  with  neat  farm  houses,  tasteful 
villas,  and  farms.  It  is  watered  by  the  beautiful  Neponset 
M'hich  also  affords  considerable  water  power.  The  Dorches- 
ter Neck  and  Heights  bordering  on  Boston  harbour  were 
taken  from  the  town  some  years  since,  and  now  form  part 
of  the  city  under  the  name  of  South  Boston.  On  the  Heights 
of  Dorchester,  Gen.  Washington's  army  on  the  night  of 
March  4th,  1776,  threw  up  works  which  commanded  the 
harbour,  and  compelled  the  British  to  evacuate  Boston.  The 
Cemetery  contains  numerous  ancient  tombstones  some  of 
them  bearing  date  as  early  as  1644.  The  commerce  and 
manufactures  of  Dorchester  are  quite  extensive.    Pop.  1845, 


R  O  X  D  U  R  Y B  R  O  0  K  L  I  N  E C  A  M  B  R  I  P  G  E.       221 


ROXBURY,  ' 

Is  connected  with  Boston  by  a  neck  of  land  which  consti- 
tutes a  broad  avenue  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  continuation 
of  Washington  st.  It  is  a  delightful  place  of  residence,  and 
contains  many  fine  country  seats,  10  churches,  and  2  banks. 
Jamaica  Pond  from  whence  the  city  is  mostly  supplied  with 
water  is  about  4  m.  S.  W.  from  Boston.  Numerous  omni- 
busses  connect  Roxbury  with  the  city.  Rev.  Jno.  EUot,  the 
Indian  missionary  was  settled  here,  and  here  also  was  Gen. 
Warren's  biith-place  and  residence.  Dr.  Warren  received 
his  commission  of  Major  General  four  days  previous  to  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  where  he  was  killed  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  retreat,  after  fighting  bravely ;  he  was  univer- 
sally lamented.     Pop.  of  Roxbury  in  1845,  13,929. 


BROOKLINE 


> 


;   of 

the 

The 

J  of 

and 

1845, 


4  m.  S.  W.  of  Boston  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the 
mill-dam  across  Charles  river,  is  remarkable  for  its  varied 
surface,  high  state  of  cultivation,  elegant  country  seats  and 
gardens,  and  for  its  rich  and  picturesque  scenery.  Pop. 
1845,  1,682. 

CAMBRIDGE, 

3  m.  N.  W.  of  Boston,  contains  three  parts,  Old  Cambridge 
the  seat  of  the  University ;  Cambridge-Port  about  half-way 
between  the  University  and  the  brdge  to  Boston,  and  E. 
Cambridge  or  Lcchmere^s  Point,  the  seat  of  the  courthouse. 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  New  England  having  been 
incorporated  by  the  name  of  Newton  in  1630,  but  took  its 
present  name  in  1638.  It  is  connected  with  Boston  by  Cam- 
bridge and  Canal  bridges  and  by  the  viaduct  of  the  Lowell 
R.  R.  3  with  Charlestown  by  Prison  Point  bridge.    It  is  a 

q2 


322 


VICINITY    OF    BOSTON. 


large,  handsome,  and  pleasant  town  though  not  so  elevated 
as  Sonne  of  the  neighboring  places.  It  contains  a  jail,  a  state 
arsenal,  3  banks,  5  chnrches,  and  numerous  manufactories 
of  various  kinds.  Cambridge  was  ftn  important  place  in  the 
early  history  of  the  country.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolution  20,000  militia  were  collected  here,  and  in  1775 
Gen.  Washington  arrived  here,  and  took  the  command  of  the 
American  army.  The  first  printing-press  was  established  in 
this  town  in  1639,  and  the  first  work  printed  was  "  the  Free- 
man's Oath."     Pop.  in  1845,  12,490. 

Harvard  University,  is  the  most  richly  endowed  institu- 
tion and  the  oldest  of  the  kind  in  the  U.  States,  being  founded 
in  1638,  20  years  after  the  arrival  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Ply- 
mouth; it  occupies  a  spacious  square  handsomely  shaded. 
At  the  time  of  its  foundation,  £400  were  granted  by  the 
general  court,  and  increased  by  a  donation  of  nearly  £800  by 
Rev.  John  Harvard,  from  whom  it  takes  its  name.  The 
buildings  11  in  number,  are  spacious  and  handsome,  of  granite 
and  brick,  and  contain  a  chap^\,  lecture  rooms,  dining  halls, 
and  accommodations  for  the  btn  ionts;  there  is  also  a  house 
for  the  president.  There  are  belonging  to  the  institution,  a 
library  of  53,000  vols.,  excellent  philosophical  apparatus,  a 
mineralogical  cabinet,  an  anatomical  museum,  chemical  la- 
boratory, and  a  botanical  garden  of  8  acres.  It  has  a  presi- 
dent, 29  professors,  and  generally  about  450  students,  and 
has  had  5750  alumni  of  whom  1561  have  been  ministers  of 
the  gospel.  It  is  the  most  important  literary  institution  in 
the  U.  States,  and  qualifies  students  for  every  branch  of  lite- 
rature and  science. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery,  about  a  mile  W.  of  the  Uni- 
versity, for  beauty  and  extent  may  be  considered  the  Pere 
la  Chaise  of  this  country.  The  grounds  100  acres  in  extent 
are  most  delightfully  situated,  comprising  every  variety  of 
hill  and  dale,  embellished  with  ornamental  trees  and  shrub- 


ai  T.    A  U  B  U  R  N C  11  A  U  L  E  S  T  O  W  N. 


223 


presi- 
and 
rs  of 


Urii- 

Pere 

jxtent 

;ly  of 

ihiub- 


bery,  with  numerous  paths  and  avenues.  The  first  '  iter- 
ment  was  made  in  1831,  since  when  it  has  been  gradually 
filling  up;  and  now  contains  numerous  monuments  of  va- 
rious devices  and  most  exquisite  workmanship.  From  some 
of  the  highest  portions  a  most  superb  view  of  natural  and 
artificial  scenery  presents  itself;  below  flows  the  winding 
Charles  r. — in  the  distance,  the  city  with  its  proud  eminences, 
its  glittering  spires,  its  lofty  towers,  its  graceful  mansions, 
its  curling  smoke,  its  crowded  haunts  of  business  and  plea- 
sure— and  in  other  diractions,  the  walls  of  the  venerable 
University — the  cultivated  farm,  the  neat  cottage,  the  village 
chu'ch,  the  sparkling  lake,  the  rich  valley,  and  the  distant 
hills, — are  before  us  through  opening  vistas.  No  traveller 
should  fail  to  visit  this  sacred  yet  lovely  spot. 

CHARLESTOWN, 

One  mile  N.  of  Boston  with  which  it  is  connected  by  Warren 
and  Charles  river  bridges,  stands  on  a  peninsula  of  a  curious 
shape,  between  Charles  and  Mystic  rivers.  It  is  also  con- 
nected with  Cambridge  by  a  bridge  from  Prison  point,  and 
with  Chelsea  and  Maiden  by  two  bridges  across  Mystic  r. 
The  town  extends  N.  W.  for  9  m.  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile.  The  streets  aro  not  regu- 
larly laid  out.  but  are  wide  and  ornamented  with  trees,  cen- 
treing  to  a  public  square,  around  which  a  number  of  the 
public  buildings  are  situated.  The  town  contains  many  ele- 
gant private  residences,  a  State  prison,  an  almshouse,  a 
lown-house,  3  banks,  and  9  churches.     Pop.  1845,  12,500. 

The  U.  Slates  Navy  Yard  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Charles  r., 
has  60  acres  of  ground  with  a  high  and  substantial  wall,  en- 
closing warehouses,  an  arsenal,  a  powder  magazine,  a  rope- 
walk,  dwellings  for  the  officers,  and  two  immense  frame 
ship-houses.     The  Dry  dock,  of  hewn  granite,  is  341  ft.  long, 


224 


VICINITY    OF    BOSTON. 


80  ft.  wide,  30  ft.  deep,  and  cost  $670,000.  Tha  McLean 
Insane  Asylum  on  elevated  ground  has  commodious  build- 
ings, and  16  acres  of  ^Touud.  3'Ac  State  Prison  consists  of 
4  massive  buildings  of  granite,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town. 

BREEr>  s  and  Bunker  Hill  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  village 
are  fam  d  m  Revolutionary  story,  and  are  annually  visited 
by  thousands  of  persons.  At  the  time  of  the  battle  the  Bri- 
tish occupied  Boston,  and  it  being  supposed  by  the  provincial 
congress  that  Gen.  Gage  was  about  to  send  his  troops  into 
the  country,  it  was  resolved  to  defend  Dorchester  Neck.  A 
detachment  of  1000  men  under  Col.  Prescott  was  accordingly 
ordered  to  throw  up  entrenchments  on  Bunker  Hill,  on  the 
night  of  June  16th,  1775;  this  they  did  with  so  much  expe- 
dition and  secrecy,  that  by  dawn  of  day  they  had  thrown  up 
a  redoubt  of  8  rods  square.  But  by  some  mistake  they  for- 
tified Breed's  Hill  instead  of  Bunker  Hill,  although  by  popu- 
lar usage  the  former  is  now  called  by  the  name  of  the  latter. 

The  British  on  discovering  the  works  of  the  Americans, 
commenced  a  cannonade  from  the  shipping  in  the  river,  but 
which  did  not  prevent  the  provincials  from  forming  a  breast 
work  from  the  redoubt  to  the  bottom  of  the  hill,  which  was 
completed  by  mid-day.  About  1  o'clock  the  British  to  the 
amount  of  3000  men,  with  a  portion  of  artillery,  commanded 
by  Generals  Howe  and  Pigot,  landed  in  Charlestown,  and 
having  formed  in  two  lines  and  received  reinforcements  ad- 
vanced to  the  attack.  The  Americans  who  also  had  received 
reinforcements  under  Gen.  Warren  and  Gen.  Pomeroy,  coolly 
awaited  their  approach  and  reserved  their  lire  until,  as  Gen. 
Warren  told  them,  *  they  could  see  the  whites  of  their  eyes.' 
The  men  being  mostly  undisciplined,  but  excellent  marks- 
men, fired  with  such  deadly  aim  and  execution,  as  to  throw 
the  enemy's  ranks  into  confusion,  and  to  cause  a  precipitate 
retreat.  By  the  efforts  of  the  officers  they  were  formed  and 
led  to  the  attack  a  second  time ;  when  within  5  or  6  rods  of 


BUNKER    HILL    MONUMENT. 


225 


es.' 

•ks- 

:o\v 

ate 

ind 

of 


the  entrenchments,  the  Americans  a  second  time  opened 
their  destructive  fire,  and  again  created  utter  confusion. 
Gen.  Clinton  now  arriving  with  reinforcements,  the  men 
were  rallied  and  again  led  on,  while  some  cannon  were  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  entrenchments  so  as  to  rake  them  from  end 
to  end.  The  works  were  now  attacked  with  fixed  bayonets, 
and  as  the  Americans  were  not  supplied  with  them  and  their 
ammunition  began  to  fai^,  they  were  obliged  to  retreat  over 
Charlestown  Neck,  exposed  to  ihe  fire  of  the  Glasgow  man- 
of-war  and  the  floating  batteries. 

In  this  the  first  regular  battle  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle 
the  Americans  covered  themselves  with  glory.  After  a 
tedious  march  and  working  at  the  entrenchments  the  whole 
night  and  morning  of  the  17th,  with  undisciplined  troops  and 
poorly  equipped,  with  a  deficiency  of  artillery  and  ammunition, 
for  the  Americans  to  have  made  such  a  noble  stand  against 
veteran  troops  superior  in  number  and  every  othur  particular, 
aflbrds  an  unparallelled  instance  of  bravery  and  indomitable 
courage.  The  victory  was  truly  a  dear  bought  one.  The 
British  loss  was  1054  killed  and  wounded,  of  whom  there 
were  19  officers  killed  and  70  wounded.  Of  the  Americans, 
145  were  killed,  and  304  wounded  and  missing,  making  in 
in  the  whole  449.  Early  in  the  engagement  Charlestown 
was  fired  by  the  British. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument  erected  on  the  site  of  the  battle, 
is  a  splendid  obelisk  of  hewn  Quincy  granite,  completed  July 
2  h\j  1842.  The  corner  stone  was  first  laid  by  the  illustrious 
Marquis  La  Fayette  on  the  50th  anniversary  of  the  battle, 
June  17th,  1825,  in  the  presence  of  an  immense  concourse 
of  citizCiis,  when  an  address  was  delivered  by  the  Hon.  Dan- 
iel Webster.  The  fouhdation  having  been  insufficient  it  was 
relaid  in  1827.  The  obelisk  is  30  ft.  square  at  the  base,  and 
16  ft.  44  in.  at  the  top,  having  a  diminution  of  14  ft.  7i  in. 
above  its  base 
15 


The  height  from  the  base  to  the  commence- 


220 


VICINITY   OF    BOSTON. 


mnnt  of  the  apcjx  is  208  ft.,  to  the  top  of  the  apex  221  ft.  The 
interior  if  circular,  having  a  diam'^tsT  ot  10  fi.  i  in.  at  the 
base,  and  ?>  ft.  4  in.  at  the  top,  and  U  aao  uded  by  204  yieps. 
Tho  top  is  an  elliptical  chamber,  17  it.  high^  11  ^'.  hi  ca^  .ne- 
tor,  with  4  windows  and  presents  the  /nost  magnifies jii  ^iew 
ill  the  U.  States.  The  whole  cost  $j -9,800,  was  defrayed 
by  subscription  J  by  a  la  'ies'  fair  at  Boston  netting  S32.000, 
find  other  means.  The  completion  of  the  monun  ini  july 
?3id,  1842,  was  bailed  b}  firing  ol"  cannon;  and  celebrated 
in  a  splendid  manner  on  the  ann  veisary  oi  {!.  *  battle  June 
I7lh,  1343,  when  a  discourse  was  delivettd  by  Hon.  Daniel 
Webster  in  presence  of  the  President  of  the  U.  States,  the 
h«id.^  of  Dtiparlment,  and  an  immense  concourse  of  citizens. 
Tao  monument  is  surrounded  bv  a  neat  iron  railing,  and 
forms  a  conspicuous  object  when  approaching  Boston. 


h'li 


CHELSEA, 

About  3  m.  N.  E.of  Boston  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
ferry  at  the  foot  of  Hanover  st.,  and  connected  with  Charles- 
town  by  a  bridge,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mystic  r. 
Its  surface  is  elevated  at  several  points  affording  delightful 
building  sites.  It  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  the 
vicinity  of  Boston,  having  been  incorporated  in  1738.  It 
contains  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital  with  a  fine  edifice,  com- 
manding an  excellent  view  of  Boston  and  its  harbour; 
2  churches,  of  which  St.  Luke's,  Epis.  is  the  most  unique 
and  pretty  of  the  village  churches,  and  numeroir?  manufac- 
tories. Chelsea  Beach  is  a  delightful  resort  during  the  sum- 
mer season.     Pop.  1846,  4,127. 


\  /       QUINCY, 

10  m.  S.  of  Boston  on  Quincy  bay,  is  si'  uated  on  an  elevated 
plain  and  is  remarkable  for  its  "leatr!  .si  and  the  beauty  of 
the  f*  "rounding  country,  and  i:  ^  v  st   {uarriea  of  excellent 


Q  U  1 N  C  Y F  ORIS    AROUND    BOSTON. 


227 


^ated 

y  of 
silent 


granite.  About  3  m.  back  from  the  bay,  the  land  is  elevated, 
in  some  parts  600  ft.  high,  and  contains  an  inexhaustible  sup- 
ply of  granite,  which  is  extensively  quarried  and  sent  to 
every  part  of  the  Union,  and  even  to  Mexico ;  some  of  the 
noblest  structures  in  the  U.  States  are  built  of  this  stone, 
which  is  of  dark  blue  colour.  The  town  is  surrounded  by 
highly  cultivated  farms,  part  of  which  is  salt  meadow  land. 
Quincy  pt.  and  Germantown  pt.  are  admirably  located  for 
ship  building  and  the  fisheries,  and  have  fine  harbours,  bold 
shores  and  a  beautiful  country.  Quincy  was  the  native  place 
of  Jno.  Hancock,  Col.  Jno.  Quincy,  the  two  Presidents  of  the 
U.  States  Jno.  Adams  and  Jno.  Quincy  Adams,  and  other 
distinguished  men.  It  has  4  churches,  one  of  which  con- 
tains a  beautiful  marble  monument  of  Hon.  Jno.  Adams  and 
his  wife,  erected  by  their  son  Hon.  Jno.  Q.  Adams.  Pop. 
3486. 

THE  FORTS  AROUND    BOSTON, 

Erected  during  the* Revolution,  are  some  of  them  still  in  good 
preservation,  while  others  are  nearly  effaced  3  they  possess 
much  interest.  At  BreeiVs  Hill,  but  little  remains ;  on  Bunker 
Hill  the  remains  of  the  British  fort  are  visible ;  some  remains 
of  the  redoubt  at  Lechmere  Point  can  be  distinctly  traced ;  at 
Winter  Hill  Fort  part  of  the  rampart  still  remains  perfect  j 
Prospect  Hill  has  two  eminences  both  of  which  were  fortified, 
and  connected  by  a  rampart  and  fosse,  much  of  which  still 
remains ;  the  Cambridge  Lines  on  Bunker's  Hill  consisted  of 
six  regular  forts,  connected  by  a  strong  entrenchment,  two  of 
which  are  perfect ',  a  semi-circular  battery  with  three  embra- 
sures on  the  N.  shore  of  Charles  r.  near  its  entrance  hito  the 
bay,  is  quite  perfect;  there  are  also  remains  of  numerous 
forts  at  Brookline,  Roxbury,  Dorchester  Heights,  Nook  Hill, 
and  other  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  which  are  more  or 
less  in  a  state  of  preservation. 


»'*- 


228 


ROUTES  FROM  BOSTON. 

ROUTES  FROM  BOSTON. 

TO    NEW    YORK. 


I.  By  R.  R.  daily  at  4i  P.  M.  in  winter  and  5  P.  M.  in 
summer  from  depot  at  the  foot  of  the  Common  for  Providence 
42  m.  Or  passengers  can  start  in  the  accommodation  train 
at  8  A.  M.  and  have  time  to  visit  Providence  before  the  af- 
ternoon line  comes  up.  Usual  time,  H  h.  From  Providence 
to  Stonington,  by  R.  R.  47  m.  time,  24  h.  From  Stonington 
to  New  York  by  steamboat  125  m.  time,  9i  h.  See  descrip- 
tion on  p.  203,  and  reverse  the  route. 

II.  By  R  r....  dnily  at  4  P.  M.  and  at  8  A.  M.,  in  summer 
at  5  P.  M.,  IV-mi  cor.  f  Beach  and  Lincoln  sts. /or  Worcester 
44  m.  From  W .  to  .N  Drvvich  by  R.  R.  66  m.  From  Allyn's 
Point  to  New\ork  by  steamboat  128  m.  Whole  time  13i  h. 
See  p.  202,  and  reverse  the  route. 

ill.  By  the  same  route  daily  at  8  A.  M.  to  Allyvi's  Pt. 
110  m.  and  take  the  steamboat  across  L.  Island  Sound  to 
Greenport  32  ra.  Thence  by  cars  over  Long  Id.  R.  R.  to 
Brooklyn,  96  m.  Total  238  m.,  lOi  h.  See  p.  202,  and  re- 
verse the  route. 

IV.  By  R.  R.  daily  at  10  A.  M.  ^x)'l  4  P.  M.  to  Worcester 
44  m.  To  Springfield  54  m.  To  Hartford  26  m.  To  New 
Haven  36  m.  time,  8i  h.  From  New  Haven  by  steamboat 
to  New  York,  78  m.  time,  5  h.  See  p.  193  and  reverse  the 
route.  ' 

V.  By  steamboat  daily  at  4i  P.  M.  from  depot  foot  of  the 
Common,  via  Providence  and  Newport  R.  I. 

TO    PROVIDENCE.    42  M. 

By  R.  R.  as  per  No.  1,  at  4i  and  5  P.  M.  -   '    \ 

"        accommod.  trains  at  8  A.  M.  and  3i  P.  M. 
For  descriptions  of  Providence  a'-d  Newport,  see  p.  204. 


I'W 


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229 


TO  DEDHAM.      8  M.        ' 

By  R.  R.  from  same  depot,  at  9  A.  M.,  3,  5i  and  10  P.  M. 

TO  STOUGHTON.       18  M.  ' 

By  R.  R.  from  ftame  depot,  at  12  M.  and  4  P.  M.  to  Gituun 
14  m.,  where  the  road  branches  off  4  m.  to  Stoughtun. 


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TO    PORTLAND,  ME.     105  M. 

I.  By  R.  R.  daily,  Sund.  ex.  at  71  A.  M.  and  2i  P.  M.  from 
the  depot  in  Commercial  st.  to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  64  m. 
Thenco  by  R.  R.  to  Portland,  51  m.  Whole  time  54  h.  Fare 
$3.     See  p.  237. 

II.  By  R.  R.  daily,  Sund.  ex.  at  7i  A.  M.  and  2i  P.  M.  fi  m 
the  depot  in  Canal  st.  to  South  Berwick  73  m.  where  it  strikes 
the  R.  R.  above,  12  m.  beyond  Portsmouth.  From  So.  Ber- 
wick to  Portland,  36  m.    Time  5i  h.    Fare  $3.    See  p.  236. 

III.  By  steamboat  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  at 
4  P.  M.  from  Central  wharf,  in  summer. 

TO   PORTSMOUTH.       54  M. 

By  R.  R.  as  per  No.  1.  and  also  at  4i  P.  M.  Fare  1.60. 
See  p.  235. 

..,:    .-,-.;..•     ■         TO    SALEM.      14  M.  :,'''"' ''**^**^'! 

By  R.  R.  as  above  and  several  times  daily.  Fare  40  ctn. 
See  p.  233.  From  Salem  a  branch  of  4  m.  extends  to  Mar- 
blehead.  «  .»•     -^ 

TO   HAVERHILL,  N.  H.      32  M. 

By  R.  R.  as  per  No.  2.  and  4  times  daily.  Fare  85  cts. 
Seep.  237.  .,  ,^,    ^^  ,  ..,  ^ 

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280 


ROUTES    FROM   BOSTON. 


TO   LOWELL,  MASS.      26  M. 


By  R.  R.  daily  at  7,  9  and  11  A.  M.  and  2i  &  5i  P.  M. 
from  depot  in  Lowell  st.    Fare  65  cts.  time  1  h.   See  p.  241. 

At  Woburn  a  branch  extends  to  Woburn  Centre ;  fare  25 
cts.  And  on  arrival  of  the  trains  from  the  N.  at  Lowell  the 
R.  R.  connects  with  the  junction  in  Wilmington. 

TO  NASHUA,  41  M.  AND  CONCORD.   76  M. 

By  same  R.  R.  as  to  Lowell  at  7  &  1 1  A.  M.,  and  5  P.  M. 
Fare  1.25  and  2.00.    Time  3i  h.    See  p.  243. 

TO   FITCHBURG.      50  M. 

By  R.  R.  daily  at  7i  &  Hi  A.  M.  and  4i  P.  M.  j  in  sum- 
mer at  7  A.  M.  li  and  5  P.  M.  from  the  depot  in  Charles- 
town.     Fare  1.25,  time  2i  h.    See  p.  246. 

By  the  1st  train  stages  connecc  with  all  the  principal  towns 
in  W.  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont.  By 
this  route  passengers  leaving  Boston  at  7  A.  M.  arrive  at 
Montpelier  next  day  at  12  M.  and  at  Burlington  in  the  after- 
noon, via  Charlestown,  N.  H.  and  Woodstock,  Vt. 

TO  NEW  BEDFORD,  66  M.  AND  FALL  RIVER,  MASS.  56  M. 

By  R.  R.  daily  at  8  A.  M.  and  3^  P.  M.  and  in  summer  at 
74  A.  M.  and  4i  P.  M.  from  the  depot  at  the  foot  of  the 
Common.  Fare  to  Fall  River  $1.45;  to  New  Bedford  $1.50. 
Time  3  h.    See  p.  248. 

TO   PLYMOUTH.      37  M. 

By  R.  R.  daily  at  8  A.  M.  and  3i  P.  M.  and  in  summer  at 
7|A.M.and5P.M.''rom  South  Boston.  Fare$l.  Seep.  249. 

TO   ALBANY.      200  M. 

By  R.  R.  daily  at  10  A.  M.  &  4  P.  M.  as  per  Route  to  New 
York  No.  4,  as  far  as  Springfield  98  m.    Fare  $2.75.     From 


•^^■. 


ROUTES    FROM    BOSTON. 


231 


•Springfield  by  care  to  Albany  102  m.  Whole  lime  lib. 
Fare  $5 — 2d  class  cars  $3.  The  line  at  4  P.  M.  stops  over 
night  at  Springfield,  and  arrives  at  Albany  at  10  A.  M.  next 
day.    See  p.  246. 

TO   MONTREAL.      329  M.  ■ 

By  R.  R.  to  Fitchburg  50  m. ;  by  stage  via  Keene,  86  m., 
Bellow's  Falls  102  m.,-  Rutland  156  m.,  Middlebury  191  iu., 
to  Burlington  230  m. ;  thence  by  steamboat  to  Plattsburg 
255  m.  and  St.  John's,  Canada,  305  m. ;  thence  by  R.  R.  to 
La  Prairie  320  m.,  and  by  steamboat  to  Montreal  329  m. 

This  route  oeyond  Fitchburg  will  shortly  be  by  R.  R.  as 

the  road  is  now  being  extended  to  Burlington. 

♦  f 

TO   THE   WHITE   MOUNTAINS,  CONWAY,  &C. 

By  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R.  to  Dover  66  m.  fare  $1.75. 
See  p.  236.  to  238.  Thence  by  stage  to  Conway,  the  White 
Mountains;  Bethlehem  and  Littleton,  N.  H.  184  m. 


56  M. 


TO    GREENFIELD,  MASS. 


134  M. 


By  R.  R.  daily  as  per  route  to  N.  York  No.  4,  as  far  as 
Springfield  98  m.  and  there  take  the  cars  to  Greenfield  36 
m.  via  Northampton  19  m.  Whately,  and  Deerfield. 

By  this  route  passengers  can  proceed  to  Brattleboro',  Han- 
over, Haverhill,  &c. 


TO   EASTPORT,  ME.,  AND  ST.  JOHN'S,  N.  B. 

By  steamboat  from  Boston  every  Tuesday. 


400  M. 


o  New 
From 


TO   BATH, 


GARDINER,  AND  HALLOWELL,  ME. 


By  steamboat  from  T  wharf  every  Tuesday  and  Friday  at 
7  P.  M.  and  for  Bangor  and  intermediate  places,  on  same 
days  at  5  P.  M.    And  returning,  on  Monday  and  Thursday. 
This  is  also  a  pleasant  route  to  Quebec,  by  stage  from  the 
above  places.  1        .. ,-,  r^,      ,.       .;       ,  rji 


1  i 

1  [ 

i 

i 

.•■. 


4- 


233  BOSTON    TO    PORTLAND. 


.         TO   PORTLAND,  ME.       105  M.  V 

I.  Passengers  by  the  Eastern  R.  R.  leave  the  depot  in 
Commercial  st.  at  7i  A.  M.  and  2i  P.  M.  This  is  an  excel- 
lent line,  performing  the  whole  distance  in  5i  hours.  Fare  $3. 

We  first  stop  at 

Lynn,  9  m.  a  scattered  village,  cotebrated  for  its  manu- 
facturing of  ladies'  shoes.  Pop.  9367.  It  contains  8  churches, 
2  banks,  a  savings  bank,  &c.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a 
plain.  ' '  >    -  »  • 

From  Lynn  passengers  can  take  the  stages  to  Nahant,  on 
the  S.  side  of  Lynn.  This  on  account  of  its  favorable  posi- 
tion for  catching  the  ocean  breeze  has  become  a  favorite* 
watering  place.  The  bathing  and  fishing  are  unsurpassed. 
It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  divided  into  two  parts,  the  inner 
portion  containing  42  acres,  the  outer  being  2  m.  in  length 
with  a  varied  surface ;  both  are  connected  by  a  beach  half  a 
mile  long.  The  Nahant  Hotel  is  a  splendid  house,  contain- 
ing nearly  100  rooms;  and  there  are  several  other  hotels  and 
boarding  houses,  with  many  private  cottages.  Steamboats 
in  summer  ply  twice  a  day  between  this  place  and  Boston. 

SALEM,  ■■ 

5  m.  from  Lynn,  and  14  from  Boston,  is  next  to  Plymouth 
the  oldest  place  in  Mass.  It  is  chiefly  situated  on  a  point  of 
land  between  two  inlets  of  the  sea  called  North  and  South 
rivers.  It  is  connected  with  the  other  parts  of  the  town  by 
two  handsome  bridges.  The  city  is  well  but  not  regularly 
laid  out,  and  has  a  large  square,  containing  about  8i  acres, 
ornamented  with  trees  and  walks.  The  houses  are  well 
built,  and  the  streets  well  paved  and  lighted.  Salem  was 
formerly  the  second  place  in  New  England  in  wealth,  com- 
merce and  population ;  and  is  even  now,  in  proportion  to  its 


SALE  M N  EWBURYPORT. 


233 


i 


size  one  of  the  most  wealthy  places  in  the  Union.  The  har- 
bour is  principally  formed  by  South  r.  along  which  are  its 
wharves,  where  vessels  drawing  not  more  than  12  ft.  of 
water  can  unload.  The  commerce  which  is  extensive,  is 
engaged  in  the  £.  India  trade,  in  the  whaling  business,  in 
the  foreign  trade  generally,  and  in  the  coasting  trade  and 
fisheries.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  two  forts,  situated  on 
the  islands,  which  are  numerous.  On  Baker's  Island  is  the 
light-house. 

Salem  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  an  almshouse,  a  hospital, 
custom  house,  a  lyceum,  8  banks,  2  publi''  libraries,  an  athe- 
neum,  a  mechanics'  library,  19  churches,  and  many  charit- 
able  and  literary  societies.  The  tourist  will  find  the  Museum 
-of  curiosities  brought  home  by  persons  engaged  in  the  £.  India 
trade,  a  very  interesting  collection.  Strangers  introduced 
by  a  member  have  free  access  to  the  museum  which  em- 
braces nearly  5000  articles.  The  Harmony  Grove  Cemetery) 
W.  of  the  city  is  a  beautiful  spot. 

It  is,  though  low,  a  pleasant,  healthy  and  well  built  place, 
distinguished  for  its  enterprise,  and  contains  15,082  inhabit- 
ants, principally  engaged  in  manufactures,  commerce,  and 
navigation.  It  was  settle*'  in  1628,  and  chartered  as  a  city 
in  1836.  From  Gallows  Hill  a  fine  view  of  the  city  can  be 
obtained.  It  was  so  called  from  having  been  the  place  on 
which  the  persons  accused  of  witchcraft  were  executed. 
Salem  and  the  public  events  that  happened  here  occupy  a 
prominent  point  in  American  history. 

A  branch  railroad  extends  to  Mari>lehead,  4  oi. 

From  Salem  we  continue  through  Beverly  2  m.,  Wenham 
and  Hamilton,  4  m.,  Ipswich  5  m.,  Rowley  4  m. 

Newburypc  iT  5  m.  beautifully  situated  on  theS.  bank  of 
Merrimac  r.  about  3  m.  from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  very  regu- 
larly laid  out,  with  streets  at  right  angles.  The  houses  neat, 
and  many  of  Ihem  elegant  are   surrounded  wi*h  gardens 

u2 


♦ 


234 


BOSTON    TO    PORTLAND. 


adding  much  to  its  rural  aspect.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
spacious,  but  difficult  of  entrance  on  account  of  a  sandbar 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Merrimac  ;  the  U.  States  have  erected  a 
breakwater  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  costing  830,000.  lis  com- 
merce is  large  ;  its  numerous  vessels  are  chiefly  employed  in 
the  coasting  trade  and  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries.  The 
town  is  connected  with  Salisbury  by  a  bridge  nearly  half  a 
mile  loig;  and  with  Plumb  island  by  a  turnpike  3  m.  long 
and  a  bridge  500  ft.  in  length.  It  contains  a  courthouse,  jail, 
a  beautiful  Doric  custom-house  of  granite,  10  churches,  an 
almshouse,  a  lyceum^and  3  banks.  Several  extensive  steam 
cotton  factories  have  been  erected  within  a  few  years  past, 
and  manufacture  finer  goods  now  than  were  formerly  manu- 
factured by  water  power,  it  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  this 
town  is  the  smallest  in  point  of  territory,  in  the  United 
States,  having  only  about  647  acres.    Pop.  7161. 

Salisbury  2  m.  farther,  Seabrook  4  m.,  Hampton  4  m., 
Greenland  5  m.  and  i  v      - 


PORTSMOUTH, 

5  m.,  54  m.  from  Boston,  the  largest  town,  and  only  seaport 
in  the  state.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Pis- 
cataqua  r.  3  m.  from  the  ocean.  The  streets  are  irregular, 
but  the  houses  are  well  built.  The  harbour  is  excellent  and 
unobstructed;  defended  by  four  forts,  and  protected  from 
storms  by  a  number  of  islands.  It  has  a  depth  of  65  ft., 
with  a  tide  which  rises  10  ft.  and  sweeps  through  the  har- 
bour with  a  powerful  current,  keeping  it  free  from  ice,  Ports- 
mouth has  much  wealth  and  considerable  trade,  mostly  in 
the  freighting  business,  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries,  coasting 
trade,  W.  India  trade,  and  whale  fishery.  It  contains  7 
banks,  a!>  atheneum,  an  almshouse,  and  7  churches.  From 
the  Episcopal  church  cupola,  a  beautiful  view  of  the  town, 
harbour  and  country  maybe  had. 


PORTSMOUT  H — S  A  C  O. 


235 


m. 


in 

isting 

lins  7 

iFrom 

Itovvn, 


Portsmouth  is  connected  with  Kiltery,  in  Maine,  by  two 
bridges,  one  480  ft.  in  length,  on  20  piers ;  the  other  1750  It. 
long  on  70  piers  from  61  to  72  ft.  high.  It  is  also  connected 
with  Great  Island  by  a  bridge.  On  Navy  Island,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  r.  and  within  the  bounds  of  Kittery,  is  the  Navy 
yard  belonging  to  the  U.  States,  containing  3  ship-houses, 
and  every  convenience  for  building  vessels  of  the  largest 
class.  Portsmouth  was  first  settled  in  1623,  and  incorporated 
in  1633.  Pop.  7887.  Hotels;  Rockingham  House,  State  st. ; 
Mansion  House,  and  Franklin  House,  on  Congress  st.  Many 
persons  pass  the  summer  in  this  delightful  town. 

From  Portsmouth  stages  run  to  Concord,  15  m. 

Leaving  Portsmouth  the  cars  cross  the  Piscataqua  by  the 
bridge  to  Kittery,  Me.,  from  thence  the  route  extends  11  ra. 
to  South  Berwick,  where  the  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R.  inter- 
sects the  Portland,  Saco,  and  Portsmouth  line.  Here  the 
cars  of  the  former  line  are  attached  and  we  proceed,  passing 
North  Berwick  6  m.  Wells  5  m.  Kennebunk  depot.  5  m.,  and 

Saco  10  m.,  38  ni.  from  Portsmouth.  It  is  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  side  of  Saco  r.  6  m.  from  the  ocean.  The  river  hero 
has  a  fall  of  42  ft.  in  a  short  distance  creating  a  great  water 
power  and  forming  a  beautiful  scene.  It  contains  5  churches, 
a  bank,  numerous  mills,  many  handsome  dwellings,  and  has 
considerable  trade.     Pop.  3358. 

From  Saco,  we  have  a  pleasant  13  m.  ride  through  a  level 
country,  and  after  crossing  the  lonp'  bridge  over  the  arm  of 
the  sea  we  arrive  at  the  depot,  where  carriages  are  in  wait- 
ing to  take  you  to  your  hotel,  The  principal  Hotels  are :  the 
United  States  Hotel,  Congress  and  Federal  sts. ;  the  Elm 
Tavern,  Federal  st. ;  the  American  House,  Congress  St.  j 
Casco  Temperance  House,  IVIiddle  st.     See  p.  237. 

II.  Passengers  to  Portland  via  the  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R. 
leave  Boston  from  the  depot  Haymarket  Square  at  74  A.  M. 


! 
I 


I 


236 


BOSTON    TO   PORTLAND. 


or  2i  P.  M.  Though  the  route  is  a  few  miles  longer,  it  is 
usually  run  over  in  the  same  time  as  in  No.  1,  and  through 
an  interesting  and  thickly  settled  section  of  the  country.     . 

Passing  tjirough  Soraerville  1  m.  Walden  6,  Reading  12, 
Wilmington  15,  Ballard ville  21  we  reach 

Andover  23  m.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Merrimac,  and 
watered  by  the  Shawsheen  r.,  Great  Pond  and  Haggett's 
Pond.  It  is  a  beautiful  town  on  high  ground  and  command- 
ing a  variety  of  beautiful  landscape.  The  water  power  of 
the  place  is  extensively  used  for  ii'anufajtur  ^p,  and  the  fer- 
tile country  around,  is  well  cultivated.  It  contains  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  one  of  the  principal  theological  schools  of 
the  Union,  Phillips  academy,  and  other  literary  and  theo- 
logical institutions.  It  was  first  settled  in  1643,  and  incor- 
porated 1646 ',  it  now  contains  a  bank,  an  insurance  co.,  5 
churches,  and  a  pop.  of  5207. 

Bradford  31  m.  is  a  pleasant  town  with  beautiful  scenery, 
and  excellent  fishing  in  its  waters.  It  has  several  good  schools 
and  seminaries.  It  is  connected  by  two  bridges  acros.s  the 
Merrimac  with 

Haverhill,  an  ancient,  flourishing  manufacturing  town, 
handsomely  built  and  delightfully  located  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Merrimac  at  the  head  of  navigation.     Pop.  4336. 

Atkinson  36,  Plaistow  37,  Newtown  40,  Exeter  49,  Nev/- 
market  56,  Durham  61,  Madbury  63,  Dover  66,  and  Somers- 
worth  69  from  whence  a  branch  extends  to  Great  Falls  Vil- 
lage 3  m.,  are  places  on  the  route  before  reaching  So.  Ber- 
wick 71m.  where  it  intersects  with  the  Portland,  Saco,  and 
Portsmouth  R.  R.  See  previous  page  for  remainder  of  the 
route.        ^ 

PORTLAND 

l 

City,  51m.  from  Portsmouth,  105  from  Boston,  and  545  from 
Washington.     Pop.  15,218.     Until  1832,  it  was  the  capital 


P  O  n  T  L  A  N  0. 


237 


and 


Nev/- 
mers- 
Vil- 
Ber- 
and 
the 


of  ihe  state,  and  is  now  the  largest  town,  in  point  of  vveahh, 
comnnerce,  and  population.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a 
peninsula  in  Casco  bay,  which  rises  at  its  E.  and  VV.  ends, 
and  being  regularly  laid  out,  and  handsomely  built  it  presents 
a  fine  view  when  approached  from  the  sta,  its  public  build- 
ings forming  prominent  features. 

The  spacious  harbour  is  safe,  deep,  easy  of  access,  near 
the  ocean,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  U.  States.  It  is  com- 
pletely land-locked  by  numerous  islands,  on  two  of  which 
are  forts  Preble  and  Scammel.  forming  a  strong  defence.  On 
Portland  head  is  a  light-house  about  80  ft.  high  erected  in 
1790.  The  city  contains,  a  large  city  hall,  courthouse,  jail, 
a  custom  house,  6  banks,  an  atheneum  with  a  library  of  5000 
vols.,  16  churches,  and  a  theatre.  On  Mount  Joy  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  the  town,  is  an  observatory  82  ft.  high,  and  226  ft. 
above  the  ocean,  from  whence  by  looking  through  the  excel- 
lent glass  in  use  here  Mount  Washington,  the  highest  peak 
of  the  White  Mountains  in  N.  Hampshire  may  be  distinctly 
seen.  The  view  of  the  harbour  studded  with  its  365  islands, 
the  city  and  its  shipping,  the  forts,  the  surrounding  country, 
and  the  blue  Atlantic  stretching  away  in  the  distance,  is  ex- 
tremely beautiful.  The  commerce  and  trade  of  the  city  is 
quite  extensive.  By  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  canal,  com- 
pleted in  1829,  communication  for  50  m.  is  opened  with  the 
interior.  By  a  road  which  passes  through  a  notch  in  the 
White  Mountains  much  of  the  trade  of  the  N.  parts  of  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont  is  brought  to  the  city.  The  coast- 
ing trade  with  Boston,  New  York,  &c.  is  very  great.  Its 
foreign  trade  is  principally  with  the  W.  Indies,  and  Europe. 
The  chief  exports  are  fish,  lumber,  beef,  and  country  produce. 

Portland  was  settled  in  1632,  and  early  suffered  by  Indian 
attacks.  In  1775,  it  was  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet,  and 
property  to  the  amount  of  ,'i?240.000  was  destroyed.  In  1786 
it  was  incorporated  and  the  name  changed  from  Falmouth  to 
Portland:  in  1S32  it  was  chartered  as  a  city. 


238 


ROUTES    FROM    PORTLAND. 


ROUTES  FROM  PORTLAND. 


During  the  season  of  navigation  steannboatB  ply  between 
Boston  and  Portland ;  through  Massachusetts  bay,  passing 
Cape  Ann;  and  running  down  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Cape  Eli- 
zabeth and  Casco  bay,  and  in  connection  with  the  cara,'to 
Haltowell,  B(  mor,  and  the  intermediate  places. 

Stages  run  three  times  a  week  to  the  White  Mountains^ 
connecting  with  lines  of  travel  to  Concord,  and  Burlingtoiij 
Vt.,  passing  near  the  delightful  lakes  of  New  Hampshire, 
which  afford  excellent  sport  for  the  fowler  and  angler. 

Stages  connecting  with  the  cars  from  Boston,  run  twice 
daily  to  ^wgus^a  via  Brunswick;  thence  daily  to  Bangor,  Ells- 
worth, Houlton,  and  Eastport. 

Stages  run  tri-weekly  to  Augusta^  60  m.,  via  Lisbon  and 
Winthrop;  and  on  the  opposite  days  through  to  Eastport,  via 
Gray,  Lewiston,  and  Winthrop  intersecting  with  the  Far- 
mington  and  Buckjield  stages. 

Stages  run  daily  to  Eastport  230  m.  via  Falmouth  7  m., 
North  Yarmouth  12  m.,  Freeport  IS  m.,  Brunswif^k  27  m., 
Bath  34  m.,  Wiscasset  49  m.,  Waldoboro'  67  m.,  Warren  76 
m.,  Thomaston  80  m.,  Camden  91  m.,  Belfast  109  m..  Pros- 
pect 118  ra.,  Orland  128  m.,  Ellsworth  142  m.,  Franklin  154 
m.,  Cherryfield  174  m.,  Harrington  178  m.,  Columbia  186  m., 
Machias  201  m.,  Whiting  2/5  ni  ,  and  Eastport  230  m.  situa- 
ted on  an  island  in  Passamaquoddy  bay,  into  which  empties 
the  St.  Croix  r.  forming  the  E.  boundary  of  the  U.  Slates. 

Stages  run  tri-weekly  in  different  directions ;  to  Paris  40 
m.j  to  Waierfxyrd  40  m.;  and  to  Dover,  N.  H  via  Alfred,  56 
m.,  passing  near  the  lakes  of  Maine,  which  afford  excellent 
trout  fishing. 

In  connection  with  the  semi-daily  line  to  Augusta,  stages 
twice  a  week  leave  Augusta  for  Quebec  218  m.  distant,  over 
the  Kennebec  road  via  Norndgeicock. 


^•^ 


tllent 

[ages 
lover 


AUGUST  A B  A  N  U  O  R. 


289 


AUGUSTA,  ME.      r 

oC  tn.  from  Portland,  and  capital  of  the  state.  Pop.  53M. 
This  beautiful  and  flourishing  town  is  situated  on  both  sides 
the  Kennebec  r.  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  and  43  m. 
from  the  Atlanti/*.  The  town  rises  by  an  easy  ascent  on 
both  sides  the  r.,  .a  well  laid  out,  neatly  built,  and  contains 
many  handsome  dweUings.  Both  parts  of  the  town  are  con- 
nected by  a  handsome  bridge  of  two  arches.  The  public 
buildings  are ;  a  State-house  of  white  granite  with  a  Doric 
portico,  a  handsome  dome  and  cupola,  and  surrounded  by  or- 
namented grounds.  The  U.  Slates  have  an  arsenal  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  r.  The  Lunatic  asylum  is  a  fine  granite  building 
with  wingR.  There  are  also  a  courthouse,  jail,  a  high-school, 
and  7  churches.  A  splendid  dam  was  erected  a  few  years 
since  over  the  Kennebec  at  a  cost  of  S300,000. 

Hotels;  Auguda  House,  and  Mansion  House. 

From  Augusta  'taget  run  to  Thomaston  44  m.;  to  Belfast 
46  m. ;  to  Qu£bec  via  Norridgewock,  234  a.;  to  Phillips^  57 
m. ;  and  to  Fryeburs^  72  m. 

BANGOR,  ME. 

Occupying  a  pleasant  and  commanding  situation  on  the  W. 
side  of  Penobscot  r  at  the  head  of  navigation.  The  city  is 
divided  into  two  parts  by  Kenduskeag  stream,  but  connected 
by  3  bridges.  It  -s  also  connected  with  the  E.  side  of  the 
Penobscot  by  a  b-'.'ge  at  Orrington.  The  harbour  is  spa- 
cious, with  a  depth  sufficient  for  large  vessels.  Lumbor,  for 
which  it  i*--  the  greatest  depot  on  the  continent,  is  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  trad?!,  and  t mounts  to  nearly  a  million  and 
a  half  dollars  annually.  Ship  building  is  also  carried  on  ex- 
tensively. The  rise  of  Bangor  has  been  rapid,  and  it  already 
ifc  the  great  emporium  of  the  E.  portion  of  Maine.    The 


240        BOSTON    TO    LOWELL    AND    CONCORL, 

pub  >;  and  private  buildings  of  the  citv  are  not  only  neat,  but 
many  of  them  elegant.  It  contains  a  >  ihouse,  jail,  a  bank, 
7  churches,  and  a  Theological  Seminary  under  the  direction 
of  the  Congregationalists,  which  has  3  professors  and  a  li- 
brary of  7000  vols.  It  is  connected  with  Boston  by  a  line  of 
Bteamboats  during  about  8  months  of  the  year.  Hotels; 
Bangor  House;  Franklin  House;  and  tlje  Penobscot  Ex- 
change.    Pop.  8627. 

Below  Bangor  on  the  Penobscot,  are  Frankfort,  Bucksport) 
Belfast,  and  Thomaston,  at  all  of  which  the  steamboats  stop. 

From  Bangor  stages  run  lo  Castine  36  m. ;  to  Ellsworth  27 
m. ;  to  Skowhegan  52  m. ;  lo  Moosehead  Lake  72  m. ;  and  to 
Brownsville  49  m.  -     . 


MOOSEHEAD  LAKE 


J 


Is  a  picturesque  and  irregular  body  of  water  about  40  or  60 
m.  in  length  with  a  breadth  of  12  m.  in  its  widest  part,  sur- 
rounded with  fertile  shores  mostly  covered  Wiih  timber.  It 
rcci.; .es  numerous  tributaries,  and  contains  a  number  of  fer- 
tile iii  ands  of  which  Sugar  island  the  largest,  contains  5,440 
acj  en,  and  Deer  island  2000  acres.  The  waters  are  deep  and 
affoid  excellent  sport  for  the  angler,  the  trout  being  of  an 
extraordinary  size.  A  steamboat  plies  on  the  lake,  princi- 
pally for  transporting  the  timber  to  Kennebec  outlet.  The 
lake  may  be  divided  into  two  bays.  A  little  above  the  centre 
of  it,  where  it  is  but  a  mile  across,  is  Mount  Keneo  on  the 
W.  side,  an  elevation  of  5  or  600  ft.  projecting  over  the 
water ;  from  this  height  a  picturesque  view  of  the  lake,  its 
islanr^i,  and  a  boundless  wilderness,  is  presented. 


TO  LOWELL, 


NASHUA,  AND  CONCORD. 


Passengers  take  the  cars  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  R.  R. 
which  leave  the  depot  in  Lowell  st.  daily,  Sundays  excepted, 


■^,t^.^.^-^  -....„.  ^^..^fc 


0  or  50 

rt,  sur- 

ler.    It 

of  fer- 

5,440 

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of  an 

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ce,  its 


IR.  R> 

Ipted, 


'Se- 


LOWELL. 


241 


at  7,  9,  and  1 1  A.  M.,  and  2i  and  5^  P.  M.    Time  1  h.   Fare 
65  cts. 

The  cars  over  this  beautiful  piece  of  road  stop  at  Medford 
5  m.,  South  Woburn  74  m.  from  whence  a  branch  extends 
to  Woburn  Centra  2  m.,  Woburn  10  m.,  Wilmington,  15  m., 
Tewkesbury  19         '^illerica  mills  21  m.        ^ 


TWELL, 


26  m.  the  lart 


ttcturing  town  of  the  United  States, 
lies  on  the  S.  side  oi  the  Vlerrimac  r.  below  Pawtucket  falls, 
at  its  junction  with  Concord  r.,  and  possesses  a  vast  amount 
of  water  power,  easily  available.  Lowell  is  finely  situated 
with  regard  to  health,  surrounded  by  pleasant  hills  and  val- 
leys and  seated  on  a  rapid  stream.  It  is  laid  out  with  wide 
streets,  all  of  the  buildings  are  of  recent  construction,  and  in 
a  style  of  neatness  and  elegance.  Pop.  1846,  about  30,000. 
The  water  power  is  furnished  by  a  canal  60  ft.  wide,  8  ft. 
deep,  and  H  m.  long,  commencing  at  the  head  of  Pawtuc- 
ket falls,  which  have  a  descent  of  31  ft.,  and  extending  to 
Concord  r.  where  there  are  locks,  forming  a  beatable  passage 
around  the  falls  of  the  Merrimack.  From  the  main  canal 
the  water  is  carried  by  lateral  canals  to  the  mills  and  manu- 
factories where  it  is  needed.  There  are  13  large  manufac- 
turing companies,  having  19 mills,  and  250  houses;  employ- 
ing a  capital  of  $12,000,000,  and  9,235  operatives,  of  which 
6,320  are  females  and  2,915  males;  making 75,868,000  yds. 
of  cloth  per  annum  or  nearly  enough  to  belt  the  globe  twice 
round,  and  14,000,000  yds.  of  printed  calico  yearly;  paying 
for  labour  $1,500,000  per  annum;  and  consuming  annually 
12,500  tons  of  coal,  3,270  cords  of  wood,  61,100  bales  of  cot- 
ton, 47,000  gallons  of  oil,  600,000  bushels  of  charcoal,  and 
800,000  lbs.  of  starch.  Extensive  as  the  above  statistics 
show  the  manufactories  to  be  they  will  soon  be  extended  20 

per  cent.  -.  '■  -  a  ■ 

16  V 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


I 


242       BOSTON    TO    LOWELL    AND    CONCORD. 

A  great  amount  and  variety  of  other  business  is  done  in 
Lowell,  besides  that  of  the  incorporated  companies.  Me- 
chanical skill  and  ingenuity  here  naturally  concentrate,  and 
the  best  of  artisans  and  of  workmanship  in  almost  all  branches 
of  mpchanical  industry,  may  be  here  found.  The  extensive 
powder  works  of  Oliver  M.Whipple  are  still  in  successful  ope-_ 
ration,  making  885,000  lbs.  of  powder  per  annum.  The  Lowell 
bleachery,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  carries  on  a  large  busi- 
ness for  an  establishment  of  that  kind.  Besides  these,  Lowell 
has  a  flannel  mill,  a  blanket  mill,  paper  mill,  planing  ma- 
chines, a  card  factory,  a  whip  factory,  reed  machines,  foun- 
dry, grist  and  saw  mills,  sash  and  door  manufactory,  lock- 
manufactories,  carriage  manufactory,  and  harness  shops 
— all  these  together  employing  about  five  hundred  hands, 
and  a  capital  of  $600,000.  •  ^.^^ 

The  annual  amount  for  sales  of  manufactured  goods  is 
about  $7,000,000.  The  average  wages,  exclusive  of  board, 
are  for  females  $1.75  per  week,  for  males  70  cts.  a  day.  The 
'  lock  and  canals'  company  can  furnish  machinery  complete 
for  a  mill  of  5000  splindles  in  four  months;  and  they  build 
most  of  the  factories,  houses,  &c.  by  contract,  and  also  contract 
for  the  water-power  and  building  ground,  receiving  an  annual 
rent.  There  are  two  carpet  manufactories  which  turn  out 
some  splendid  pieces  of  carpeting,  equal  to  the  imported. 

The  public  buildings  of  Lowell,  are,  a  courthouse,  city  hall, 
market  house,  mechanics'  hall,  a  hospital  belonging  to  the 
factories,  and  the  edifices  of  the  public  schools.  The  hall  of 
the  Mechanics'  Association,  erected  in  1835,  is  spacious  and 
is  furnished  with  a  fine  library  and  reading  room,  a  chemi- 
cal and  philosophical  apparatus,  and  an  excellent  mineralo- 
gical  cabinet.  The  public  schools  consist  of  a  high  school, 
six  grammar  schools,  30  primary  schools.  There  are  23 
churches,  2  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,050,000, 
and  a  savings'  institution  with  a  deposite  of  $300,000. 


L  O  W  E  L  L — N  A  S  H  U  A. 


L>43 


Lowell,  which  in  1821  was  a  barren  spot,  and  in  1826  was 
incorporated  into  a  town,  and  as  a  city  in  1836,  presents  a 
splendid  example  of  an  American  manufacturing  town,  and 
well  deserves  the  title  of  'The  Manchester  of  America.' 
The  manufactures  are  generally  of  the  coarser  descriptions, 
though  finer  qualities  begin  to  be  manufactured;  cottons 
which  20  years  ago  would  have  cost  30  cts.  now  cost  only  6  cts. 
a  yard.  Flannels  are  made  at  the  Hamilton,  sheetings  and 
shirtuigs  at  nearly  all,  with  drillings,  printed  cloths,  &c.  at 
several  of  the  factories.  .,  ;-  ;    *"    -^      ,.      v;^       ' 

Another  source  of  pride  is  the  excellent  character  sus- 
tained by  the  operatives ;  they  are  neat  and  respectable  in 
their  appearance,  and  of  good  moral  character.  Their  lite- 
rary productions,  connections  with  the  various  religious  so- 
cieties, and  general  freeness  from  intemperance  and  crime, 
speak  volumes  in  their  praise.  A  periodical  entitled  the 
'  Lowell  Offering'  is  published  monthly,  the  articles  written 
entirely  by  factory  girls,  and  has  an  excellent  reputation. 

From  Lowell  the  railroad  extends  parallel  with  the  Mer- 
rimac  to  Concord  50  m.,  via  Middlesex  2  m.  Chelmsford  2, 
Tyneboro  4  m.  on  the  state  line,  Littles  3,  and 


NASHUA,  «  < 

4  m.,  15  m.  from  Lowell,  and  41  from  Boston.  The  town 
is  situated  on  tliC  Nashua  and  Merrimac  rivers,  is  the  centre 
of  a  considerable  trade,  and  the  seat  of  important  manufac- 
tures. The  manufactories  driven  by  the  water  power  derived 
principally  from  Nashua  river,  employ  about  1500  opera- 
tives, and  consume  about  5,000,000  lbs.  of  cotton  per  annum. 
The  village  contains  8  beautiful  churches,  some  elegant 
dwellings,  and  a  population  of  6054.  The  country  around 
Nashua  is  hilly,  though  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 

Stages  run  to  Montpelier  129  ra.  via  Windsor  73  m.  and 


244      BOSTON    TO    LOWELL    AND    CONCORD. 

Royalton  102  m.;  to  Charlestown  68  m.;  and  to  Brattleboro^ 
68  m.  via  Keene  49  m. 

Manchester  18  m.  and  Hookset  26  m.,  are  small  towns  on 
the  Merrimac  before  reaching 

-.;,  CONCORD,  .y    ^v^ 

50  m.  from  Lowell,  and  76  from  Boston.  The  town  is  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  side  of  the  Merrimac,  connected  with  the  E. 
side  by  two  bridges,  and  is  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire. 
The  houses  are  built  principally  on  two  streets,  one  of  which 
extends  nearly  two  miles  between  the  bridges.  It  contains  a 
courthouse,  jail,  a  bank,  6  churches,  and  a  pop.  of  about  5000. 
The  State  House,  is  an  elegant  structure  of  hewn  granite, 
with  a  fine  cupola;  containing  the  Senate  chamber  and  the 
hall  of  Representatives ;  it  stands  on  a  beautiful  site  in  tbe 
centre  of  the  village.  The  State  Prison  consists  of  two  build- 
ings of  hewn  granite  surrounded  by  a  high  wall.  The  soil 
around  Concord  is  fertile,  and  containing  large  quantities  of 
excellent  granite.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  a  new 
manufacturing  village,  which  bids  fair  to  increase.  The  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  trade  with  Boston  is  carried  on  by  a  cana? 
around  the  falls,  and  the  Merrimac  river.  The  town  was  in- 
corporated in  1635,  and  made  the  first  forcible  resistance  to 
British  aggression,  1775.  A  monument  marks  the  spot  where 
the  action  took  place. 

Passengers  by  the  first  train  on  its  arrival  at  Concord  can 
leave  in  stages  by  various  routes  for  Hopkinton,  Newport, 
Claremont,  and  Windsor;  for  Lebanon  and  Hanover;  Ply- 
mouth and  Haverhill ;  Canaan  and  Oxford ;  Meredith  Bridge, 
Centre  Harbour,  Comoay,  and  the  Wliite  Mountains.  On  the 
second  day  stages  reach  Royalton,  Middlebury,  Montpelier, 
and  Burlington,  connecting  with  the  line  of  travel,  north  to 
Montreal,  and  south  to  Whitehall  and  Albany.  From  Haver- 
hill also,  a  line  of  stages  runs  to  Stanstead  and  Montreal. 


% 


.....    L 


LAKE    Wl  NNiriS  EOGE  E. 


245 


ird  can 
'fWportj 
Ply- 

)n  the 
ier, 
)rth  to 
laver- 
il 


Stages  also  run  from  Concord  to  Guildhall,  via  Littleton  ; 
and  to  Keene,  via  Hopkinton  and  Nelson. 

The  route  from  Concord  to  the  White  Mountains  about 
100  m.  is  through  an  interesting  country,  partly  through  a 
valley  bordered  with  lofty  mountains,  and  passing  several 
beautiful  lakes.  *  -- 

SquA.M  Lake,  is  a  splendid  sheet  of  water,  indented  by 
points,  arched  with  coves,  and  studded  with  a  succession  of 
romantic  islands;  it  is  6  m.  long  and  3  m.  in  its  widest  part. 
The  finest  of  trout  are  caught  here,  and  the  shores  abound 
with  game,  affording  excellent  sport  to  the  angler  and  fowler. 

Lake  Winnipiseogee,  is  remarkable  for  its  beautiful  and 
sublime  scenery,  and  rivals  the  celebrated  Lake  George.  It 
is  23  m.  long  and  6  to  12  broad,  of  very  irregular  shape,  its 
shores  being  indented  with  several  bays.  It  is  environed 
and  overlooked  by  several  delightful  towns,  hills,  and  moun- 
tains. Its  waters  are  very  pv  re  and  deep  deriving  its  sources 
principally  from  springs  in  its  bosom,  and  having  an  outlet 
through  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  contains  365  islands, 
many  of  them  quite  large,  and  is  navigated  by  steamboats 
and  other  vessels.  Like  Squam  lake  it  contains  a  great  va- 
riety of  excellent  fish. 

The  prospect  of  this  lake,  and  its  environs,  is  enchanting; 
and  its  beauties  are  seen  with  great  advantage  from  a  de- 
lightful elevation  a  little  distance  fromf  he  road  towards  Ply- 
mouth. On  the  N.  W.  ascends  a  beautiful  eminence,  called 
the  Red  Mountain  1500  ft. ;  on  the  S.  is  Mount  Major,  a  ridge  ' 
of  bolder  aspect  and  loftier  height ;  and  in  the  distance  the 
great  Ossipee  and  other  mountains  tower  aloft  with  bold 
sublimity.  Dr.  Dwight  and  others  have  thought  the  mag- 
nificent scenery  of  the  lake  and  mountains,  to  fully  rival  that 
of  Lake  George. 


Centre  Harbour,  between  the  two  lakes  is  a 

v2 


delightful 


246      BOSTON    TO    FITCIIBURG    AND    ALBANY. 

stopping  place.    Moultonborough  contains  some  great  natural 
curiosities.  •' •  '•    •  ■vu'-zi     '     + 

For  description  of  White  MotmtainSj  see  p.  191. 


BOSTON    TO    FITCIIBURG   50   M. 

« 

Passengers  take  the  cars  at  the  depot  in  Charlestown  at  7i 
and  114  A.M.  and  4i  P.M.     Fare  1.25,  time  24  h. 

Stopping  at  West  Cambridge  5  m.,  Waltham  10,  Weston 
13,  Lincoln  17,  Concord  20,  Acton  27,  Littleton  33,  Groton 
37,  Shirley  40,  and  Leominster  46. 

Fitchburg  is  a  manufacturing  town  on  Nashua  r.  It  con- 
tains 6  churches,  31  mills  and  factories  of  various  kinds,  and 
an  inexhaustible  quarry  of  granite.  Pop.  2604.  Hotels; 
Fitchburg  Hotel ;  Washington  House.  " 

On  the  arrival  of  the  cars,  stages  leave  Fitchburg  daily  for 
Keene  and  Walpole,  N.  H.j  for  Battlehoro\  Chester,  Rutland^ 
Bennington,  Middlebury,  and  Burlington  Vt. ;  for  Williams- 
town  84  m.  via  Greenfield  45  m.  Passengers  can  procure 
througk  tickets  at  the  stage  office,  City  Tavern,  Brattle  St. 
Boston. 

FROM    BOSTON    TO    ALBANY,  200  M. 

Cars  leave  the  depot  corner  of  Lincoln  and  Beach  sts.  at 
8  A.  M.  and  4  P.  M.  v^  Worcester  to  Springfield.  See  p.  200. 

From  Springfield,  we  continue  on  the  Western  R.  R.  to 
.  West  Springfield,  beautifully  situated  on  both  sides  of  West- 
field  r.  at  its  confluence  with  the  Connecticut,  which  is 
spanned  by  a  fine  bridge  from  shore  to  shore.  From  here  a 
splendid  view  of  the  Connecticut  Valley  meets  the  eye. 
Pop.  3626. 

Westfield  8  m.  farther  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain, 
drained  by  Westfield  and  Little  rivers.  It  is  surrounded  by 
high  hills,  with  a  handsome  public  ground  in  the  centre,  and 


w 


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Ists.  at 

200. 

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eye. 

3lain, 

id  by 
k  and 


SCENERY    AND    TOWNS    ON    THE    ROUTE.       247 

contains  2  churches,  and  a  bank.  The  canal  from  North- 
ampton to  New  Haven  passes  through  the  place. 

We  now  ascend  into  a  more  elevated  region,  passing 
through  Russell  8  m.,  Chester  Village  3  m.,  and  Chester  Fac- 
tory 7  m.  flourishing  towns  situated  in  a  romantic  region  and 
abounding  with  trout  streams ;  farther  on  before  reaching 
Becket,  the  route  passes  through  the  most  romantic  and 
beautifully  picturesque  region  imaginable ;  at  every  turn  the 
eye  is'  delighted  and  refreshed  by  hasty  glimpses  of  rocky 
precipices,  flowing  rivulets,  mountain  farms,  rocky  glens,  wa- 
terfalls, and  other  attributes  of  romantic  and  picturesque 
scenery;  mingled  with  our  delight  is  the  surprise  and  admi- 
ration caused  by  the  stupendous  triumphs  of  art  over  nature, 
shown  in  the  bridges  across  the  ravines,  and  in  the  massive 
embankments,  raised  to  grade  the  road. 

In  the  route  from  Becket  to  Washington  3  m.  farther,  the 
road  is  elevated  1,430  ft.  above  the  Hudson  r.  which  is  re- 
duced to  900  ft.  at  the  state  line  24  m.  W.  In  this  elevated 
region  the  E.  branch  of  the  Housatonic  and  the  Westfield  r. 
take  their  rise. 

Hinsdale  5  m.  and  Dalton  3  m.  are  thriving  manufacturing 
towns,  the  latter  situated  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  Housato- 
nic r. 

PiTTSFiELD  5  m.  farther,  and  49  m.  from  Albany,  is  the 
largest  town  in  the  county  and  the  most  beautiful  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  The  houses  are  neatly  built  and  orna- 
mented. In  the  centre  is  a  fine  large  square.  The  Berk- 
shire Agricultural  Society  have  their  fairs  here,  and  agricul- 
ture is  much  improved.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  bank, 
many  manufactories,  and  the  Berkshire  medical  institution. 
The  town  lies  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  a  fer- 
tile valley  between  the  Taughhannic  and  Green  mountains, 
watered  hy  two  branches  of  the  Housatonic  which  unite  near 
its  centre,  and  create  a  great  water-power.  HP    ' 


248 


BOSTON    TO    NEW    BEDFORD. 


fe 


Passing  near  the  Shaker  Village  4  m.,  and  Richmond  3  m., 
we  cross  the  State  line,  11m.  from  Pittsfield,  where  the  road 
diverges  southwardly,  to  Bridgeport,  Conn.  100  m.  via  West 
Stockbridge,  passing  through  Sheffield,  New  Milford,  and 
other  small  towns  in  the  valley  of  the  Housatonic. 

After  crossing  the  State  line  we  pass  through  Canaan  5  m., 
East  Chatham  5  m.,  and  Chatham-four-corners  5  m.,  where  the 
road  diverges  S.  W.  to  Hudson,  via  Greenport,  then  continuing 
on  we  pass  through  Chatham  Centre  3  m.,  Kinderhook  4  m., 
Schodack  8  m.,  Greenbush  8  m.,  and  cross  the  Hudson  r.  to 
Albany.    See  p.  78. 

TO   NEW   BEDFORD   AND    FALL    RIVER. 

By  the  Providence  and  Stonington  R.  R.  from  the  foot  of 
the  Comm  'U,  fare  $1.50,  via  Roxbury  2  m.  Jamaica  PL  4, 
Dedham  PI.  8,  Canton  14,  Sharon  18,  Foxhoro  21,  Mansfield 
24,  Norton  29,  Taunton  35,  Myrick^s  41. 


NEW   BEDFORD 


Pleasantly  situated  pn  the  W.  side  of  the  Acushnet  river,  an 
estuary  of  the  sea  from  Buzzard's  bay.  The  ground  upon 
which  the  town  is  built  rises  beautifully  from  the  water,  and 
presents  a  fine  appearance ;  the  upper  portion  is  laid  into 
beautiful  streets  which  contain  many  handsome  dwellings. 
The  harbour  though  not  easy  of  access,  is  capacious  and  , 
safe.  A  wooden  bridge  and  causeway  three  fourths  of  a ' 
mile  long  connects  it  with  Fairhaven.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, jail,  4  banks,  4  insurance  ofHces,  a  savings  institution, 
18  churches,  and  numerous  public  schools.        r  .  -■'■ 

The  whale  fishery,  oil  and  candle  factories,  and  other 
branches  of  business  connected  with  it,  form  almost  the 
entire  business  of  the  place ;  the  tonnage  in  1840.  was 89,089 


-fr: 


NANTUCKE  T — P  ALL    RIVER. 


249 


tons,  and  225  vessels.  During  the  Revolutionary  war  New 
Bedford  was  a  place  of  resort  for  American  privateers  j  Gen. 
Gray  with  4000  British  troops  was  sent  against  them  and  de- 
stroyed property  worth  $323,250.  The  town  within  the  past 
few  years  has  increased  rapidly;  present  pop.  16.000. 

Nantucket  on  Nantucket  Island,  is  also  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  whale  fishery.  ,,  -v  ;^^'<   .»  !     :  » 

From  Myrics  41  m.  as  above,  a  branch  R.  R.  extends  to 


•'':,   i  r-!\- 


FALL   RIVER 


)        •!;■.■  ;,/• 


an 

)n 

md 


Very  pleasantly  situated  at  the  junction  of  Fall  and  Taunton 
rivers ;  the  former  of  which  rises  in  Watuppa  ponds,  one  of 
which  is  11m.  long  and  1  m.  wide,  about  2  m.  £.  of  the 
town.  Fall  r.  affords  immense  and  unfailing  water  power, 
having  a  descent  of  140  ft.  in  80  rods.  The  tow^n  has  a  fine 
harbour,  navigable  for  the  largest  ships,  safe,  and  easy  of 
access.  It  contains  2  banks,  a  savings  bank,  11  churches, 
10  large  cotton  factories  with  75,000  spindles,  2  extensive 
print-works,  and  several  other  large  factories;  also  an  in- 
exhaustible quarry  of  granite  equal  to  that  of  Quincy.  A 
most  disastrous  fire  occurred  here  in  1843  destroying  a  large 
amount  of  property.  Fall  River  has  10  ships  engaged  in  the 
whale  fisheries.  It  is  connected  with  Providence  by  a  steam- 
boat, and  shortly  will  be  by  a  R.  R.  now  constructing.  Pop. 
1845,  10,290. 


^. 


a 
irt- 
m, 

ler 
|he 
189 


BOSTON   TO   PLYMOUTH.       37  M. 

By  the  Old  Colony  R.  R.  from  South  Boston,  via  Dorches- 
ter 4  m.  see  p.  220,  Neponset  5,  Quincy  8,  see  p.  226,  Brain- 
tree  10,  Weymouth  V   Abington  18,  Hansen  25,  Pembroke  29. 


250 


PLYMOUTH. 


•      PLYMOUTH, 

37  m.  on  Plymouth  bay  a  branch  of  Massachusetts  bay,  is 
full  of  interest,  it  being  the  oldest  settlement  by  Europeans 
in  New  England,  and  the  landing  place  of  the  celebrated 
Puritans,  Dec.  22d,  1620.  The  town  contains  a  courthouse, 
jail,  6  churches,  2  banks,  and  an  insurance  co.  The  harbour 
is  spacious  though  not  of  great  depth ;  the  principal  business 
is  in  the  whale,  mackerel  and  cod  fisheries.     Pop.  5281. 

Plymouth  contains  many  interesting  places  and  curiosities. 
Pilgrim  Hall,  a  neat  building  of  unhewn  granite,  70  by  40  ft. 
with  a  Doric  portico  of  6  columns,  was  constructed  in  1824. 
In  it  the  Pilgrim  society  annually  commemorate  the  anni- 
versary of  the  landing  of  their  forefathers.  It  contains  a 
large  painting  of  the  landing  from  'the  Mayflower';  the 
chair  of  Gov.  Carver ;  the  sword-blade  of  Capt.  Miles  Stan- 
dish  and  other  curious  and  interesting  relics.  The  rock  on 
which  the  pilgrims  first  landed,  was  conveyed  in  1774  to  the 
centre  of  the  town.  The  other  principal  objects  interesting 
to  the  visiter,  are  Sacrifice  Rocks  in  the  woods  on  the  road  to 
Sandwich,  on  which  the  natives  as  they  passed  always  threw 
a  stone  or  stick,  supposed  to  be  a  religious  custom ;  Burying 
Hill  formerly  Fort  Hill,  is  an  eminence  in  the  rear  of  the 
town,  on  the  summit  of  which  the  pilgrims  erected  a  few 
works  for  defence ;  from  this  point  is  presented  a  splendid 
view  of  the  harbor  and  the  shores  of  the  bay,  with  the  pro- 
montory and  lighthouse,  the  town  and  its  shipping,  and  im- 
mediately below  us  the  burying  ground  of  the  venerable 
forefathers. 

■i  The  principal  Hotel,  is  the  Samosel  House,  new  and  spa- 
cious, commanding  an  unobstructed  view  of  the  harbor, 
islands,  and  ocean,  and  affording  to  visiters  convenient  access 
to  Forefathers'  Rock,  Pilgrim  Hall,  the  Ancient  Records  and 
the  memorials  of  the  Pilgrims. 


«ir 


>.t 


t ) 


INDEX. 


» 


P«Kr  ACE V 

Bkeletons  of  the  Main  Routes vii 

Directions  TO  the  Reader ix 

Caution  to  ENOLiaH  Tbavellers ix 

INTRODUCTION. 

Railroada  and  Steamboats •  •' z 

Hotels  and  Inns xi 

Eating  llouaes,  Confectlonaries,  4ic. xii 

Money x ii 

Foreign  Coins  in  American  Currency ziii 

Ctiaracteristics  of  the  Country xiv 

Scenery  of  the  United  States xv 

Travellers'  General  View xv 

GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

General  outline  and  aspect 17 

Political  Constitution 20 

Productive  Industry 25 

Religion  and  education 32 

History 34 

Civil  and  Social'state 39 


spa- 
bor, 
cees 
and 


Adrian,  134. 
Albany,  60,  65,  78,  230. 
Alburg,  101. 
Alexandria,  167. 
AUyn's  Point,  61. 
Amherstburg,  135. 
Amsterdam,  106. 
Andover,  236. 
Angelica,  63. 
Ashtabula,  132. 
Athens,  63,  77. 


Auburn,  105,  117. 
Augusta,  239. 
Avon  Springs,  124. 


Ballston  Spa,  80,  83. 
Bangor,  239. 
Barcelona,  63,  128, 131. 
Barnegat,  73. 
Bartlett,  192. 
Batavia,  81,  125,  129. 


t? 


252 


INDEX. 


Buth,  03,  194,231. 
Bath  Island,  140. 
Becket,  317. 
Bellows*  Falls,  200. 
Bemus'  Heights,  63,87. 
Bennington,  81. 
Binghaniton,  03,  83,  110. 
Birniiiighiini,  00. 
Black  Rock,  143. 
Bloomfluld,  200. 
Bloomingburg,  03, 
Blooniingdale,  05. 
Blossburg,  131. 
Boston,  01,  81,  103,  807. 
Bradford,  330. 
Brattleboro,  300, 344. 
Breed's  Hill.  334. 
Bridgeport,  00. 
Brockville,  107. 
Brock's  Monument,  159. 
Brookline,  331. 
Brooklyn,  55. 
Biickfleld,  338. 
Buffalo,  81,  105,  130. 
Bull's  Ferry,  00, 
Bunker  Hill,  324. 

"  '•    Monument,  335 

Burlington,  82,  08,  103, 180 
Burning  Spring,  100. 
Bytown,  173. 


Caldwell,  80,  01. 

"         Landing,  09. 

Caledonia  Springs,  108,  173. 

Cambridge,  221. 

Canandaigua,  81,  123. 

Lake,  133. 
'  Cape  May,  59. 

Cape  Rouge,  183. 

Cape  Tourment,  185.  <^ 

•  Cape  Vincent,  100. 

Carillon,  173. 

Carmel  Village  09. 

Cascades,  108. 

Castleton,  78. 

Catskill,  01,  75. 

Catskill  Mountains,  74. 

Cayuga,  118. 

Cayuga  Lake,  118. 

Cazenovia,  113.  ; 

Centre  Harbour,  245. 

Chambly  Canal,  103. 

Charlotte,  100. 

Charlestown,  323.         ^» 

Chaudiere  Falls,  173. 

Chazy,  101.  V 

Chelsea,  320. 


k 


Chemung,  03. 
Chester  village,  247. 
Chicago,  128,141. 
ChicQUtimi,  188. 
Chippewa,  144. 
Chlttenango,  113. 
Clermont,  01. 
(;ievelund.  133. 
Coburg,  105. 
Coeymans,  01,  77. 
Cohnes  Falls,  95. 
Cold  Springs,  58,  73. 
Concord,  330,  344. 
Coney  Island,  58. 
Conneaut,  131. 
Conway,  193,331. 
Cooperstown,  107,  110. 
Corning,  03,  131. 
Cornwall,  108. 
Cortlandtown,  00. 
Coteau  du  Lac,  108. 
Coxsackie,  01,  77. 
Crown  Point,  97. 


M 


t' 


Dalton,347. 
Danbury,  03. 

Dedham,  220.  ,       .    , 

Delhi,  74,  70. 
Detroit,  128,  135.  .   ■ 

Devil's  Hole,  157. 
Dickenson's  Landing,  108 
Dobb's  Ferry,  00,  00. 
Dorchester,  220. 
Dover,  238. 
Drummondville,  159. 
Du  Loup,  180. 
Dundas,  103. 
Dunkirk,  02,  131. 


East  Camp,  75. 
East  Canada  Creek,  107. 
Eastchester,  58. 
East  New  York,  58. 
Eastport,  331,  338. 
Elbridge,  117. 
Elizabethtown,  58,  02. 
Elizabethport,  58. 
Ellsworth,  238. 
Elmira,  03, 121.  : 

Erie,  129,  131. 
Esopus,  01. 
Essex,  08. 


::'r  \ 


Fairport,  132. 

Fall  River,  230,  249. 


INDEX. 


j:hi 


Fall!  of  Montmoreacl,  18t. 
"     "  the  Chtudlera,  183. 
Farmington,  S38. 
Fiahkill,  flO,  7a. 
Fiihkill  Mounuins,  M. 
Fitchburg,  830,  MO. 
Flatbuih,  56. 
Fluthing,  S8. 
Fonda,  100. 
Fort  Erie,  148. 
Fort  George,  101. 
Fort  Hamilton,  08. 
Fort  Independence,  00. 
Fort  Lee,  00. 

Fort  MasBBBHuaa,  109.     '  ' 
Fort  Niagara,  103. 
Fort  Plain,  107. 
Fort  Waahington,  00. 
Forts  around  Boaton,  287. 
Four-mile-ppint,  77. 
Fredonia,  03. 
Fryeburg,  193. 


Galop  Rapida,  107. 
Gardiner,  331. 
Geneaco,  04, 139. 
Geneva,  04, 131. 
Germantov.'n,  79. 
Glasgow,  75. 
Glen  Ckive,  58. 
Glen's  Falls,  60,  00. 
Goshen,  03. 
Grand  Haven,  137. 
Grand  Isle,  101. 
Grassy  Point,  08. 
Gravesend,  58. 
Great  Sodus  Bay,  100. 
Greenbush,  01,  78. 
Greenfield,  300,  SSI. 
Greenport,  01. 
Guildhall,  345. 
Guananoqui,  107. 


Hadley,  800. 
Ilallowell,  331,  338. 
Hamilton,  103. 
Hampton,  73. 
Hancock,  83. 
Harlaem,  57,  03. 
Harmony,  03. 
Harsimus,  57. 
Hartford,  00,  190. 
Harvard  University,  383. 
Hastings,  07. 
Haverhill,  339,  330. 
Ilaverstraw,  08. 


w 


Hempstead,  58. 
Herkimer,  109. 
Hoboken,  57,  05. 
Holdenville,  03. 
Holland  Undlng,  104. 
Honesdale,  04. 
Howard,  03. 
Hinsdale,  347. 
Hudson,  01,  70. 

"         River,  05. 
Hyde  Park,  00,  74. 


Iris  Island,  149. 
Irving,  07. 
Isle  au  Mott,  101. 
Isle  au  Noix,  103. 
Isle  of  Orleans,  184. 
Ithaca,  04, 110,  115,  118. 


Jamaica,  58. 

"         Bay,  58 
Jamestown,  03. 
Jefferson,  131. 
Jersey  City,  58. 
Johnstown,  100,  107. 


Kalamaioo,  137. 
Kamouraska,  180. 
Keene,  345. 
Kinderhook, 01,  77. 
Kingsbridge,  00. 
Kingston,  01,  74,  105. 


Lachine,  108. 
Lake  Champlain,  00. 
Lake  Erie,  81,  130. 
Lake  George,  80,  63,  91. 
Lake  Huron,  138. 
Lake  Michigan,  140. 
Lake  Ontario,  110,  103. 
Lake  Bt.  Charles,  183. 
Lake  St.  Clair,  137. 
Lake  St.  Francis,  109. 
Lake  St.  Louis,  108. 
Lake  St.  Peter,  175. 
Lake  Superior,  139. 
Lake  Winnipiaeogee,  345. 
Lancaster,  108. 
Lansingburg,  81,  95. 
La  Prairie,  80,  103. 
Lewiston,  110,  125,  158,  101. 
Little  Falls,  108. 
Littleton,  100. 
Livingston,  ICl, 


%' 


1. 


-m 


254 


INDEX. 


Lockport,  125, 139, 158. 
Long  Branch,  59. 
Long  Island,  58,  61. 
Lowell,  2.30,  241. 
Lundy's  Lane,  159.  .- 
Lunenburg,  77. 
Lynn,  232. 


Mackinac,  140.  • 

Magnolia,  63.  '• 

Mahopack  Lake,  69. 

Maitland,  167. 

Maiden,  61,  75.  • 

Mamaroneck,  58.  /;    - 

Manchester,  244. 

Manhattanville,  66. 

Marlborough,  73. 

Manlius,  114. 

Mariastown,  167. 

Maysville,  63. 

Mechanicsville,  80,  82,  95. 

Me  ride  n,  196. 

Michigan  City,  142. 

Middletown,  62.  -   ':  . 

Milford,  64.  ^'i.        - 

Milton,  61, 73.  ''  • "       '    ' 

Mineral  Spring,  157. 

Mohawk,  109. 

Monroe,  1.34. 

Monroe  Works,  61.       ^' 

Monticello,  63. 

Montreal,  80,  90,  95,  169,  189,  231. 

Montpelier,  189,  244. 

Montrose,  110. 

Moosehead  Lake,  240.  , 

Morristown,  62, 167. 

Moscow,  125. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery,  222. 

Mount  Holyoke,  200. 

Mount  Tom,  200. 


Nantucket,  249.  ' 

Nashua,  230,  243.      - 
Navy  Island,  144. 
Newark,  58,  62. 
New  Baltimore,  61,  77. 
New  Bedford,  230. 
New  Brighton,  58. 
New  Brunswick,  58,  62. 
Newburg,  61,  72. 
Newburyport,  233. 
New  Cornwall,  72. 
Needham,  201. 
New  Haniburcr,  73. 
New  Haven,  60,  193. 
New  Liverpool,  170. 


New  London,  202.  v 

New  Milford,  63. 

New  Paltz  Landing,  74. 

Newport,  206. 

New  Rochelle,  58. 

Newton,  201. 

New  Windsor,  72.  i; 

New  York,  41,  228.  " 

Niagara,  162. 

Niagara  Falls,  81,  105, 128, 146. 

"     River,  145. 
Niles,  137.  :  •    ■ 

Norridgewock,  238.'       .-     *» 
Northampton,  200.    -         •  •>-  ' 
Norwich,  61, 203.       .      '  • 

Nyack,68.  -  ' 


Oak  Hill,  75. 
Oakville,  163. 
Ocean  House,  59. 
Ogdensburg,  110, 115,  167. 
Ogden's  Island,  167. 
Ohio  City.  133. 
Olean,  125,129.   .^  k     * 
Oriskany,  112. 
Oswego,  115,  116, 166. 
Oswego  Canal,  115. 
Owasco  Lake,  113. 
Owego,63,  64,  110. 
Oyster  Bay,  68.  • 


Palisades,  66. 
Paris,  238. 
Passaic  Falls,  58,  59. 
Paterson,  62,  64. 
Peekskill,  60,  69. 
Pcllham,  74. 
Perrysburg, 128. 
Perth  Amboy,  58. 
Philipsburg,  60,  67. 
Piermont,  60,  64,  67. 
Pine  Orchard,  75. 
Pittsfield,81,  247. 
Plattsburp,  80,  100,  167. 
Pleasant  Mount,  63. 
Plymouth,  230,  250. 
Point  View,  157. 
Portchester,  58. 
Port  Henry,  97. 
Port  Hope,  164. 
Port  Huron,  137. 
Port  Kent,  99. 
Portland,  229,  236. 
Portsmouth,  229,  234. 
Port  Stanley,  128. 
Port  St,  Francis,  175. 


•v(^' 


\ 


>vt 


INDEX. 


255 


Pougiikeepaie,  60,  73; 
Prattaville,  76. 
Prescott,  167. 
Presque  Isle,  138. 
Providence,  61. 


Quarantine  ground,  58. 
Quebec,  80, 90,  95, 176. 
Queenaton,  116,  145,  158. 
Quincy,  226. 


Rahway,  58,  63. 
Raniapo,  61. 
Red  Banks,  59.        ^  - 
Red  Hook,  60.  > 

Regaud,  173. 
Rhinebeck,  60,  74. 
Richelieu  Rapids,  176. 
Rideau  Canal,  166. 
Ridgefield,  69. 
Rochester,  64,  81,  115, 123. 
Rockaway,  58. 
Rome,  113. 
Rondout,  61,  74. 
Rouse's  Point,  80, 102. 
Roxbury,  221. 
Russell,  247. 
Rye,  58. 

Sackett's  Harbour,  110, 166. 
Saco,  235. 

Saguenay  river,  184, 186. 
Salem,  229,  232. 
Salina,  115. 
Sandusky,  134. 
Sandy  Hook,  59. 
Sandy  Hill,  80,  82,  94. 
Saratoga  Springs,  80. 
Saugerties,  61,  75. 
Sault  de  St.  Marie,  138. 
Schenectady,  80,  83. 
Schlosser's  Landing,  143. 
Schoharie,  82. 
Schooley's  Mountain,  58. 
Schuylerville,  82,  96. 
Seneca  Fall,  120. 
Seneca  Lake,  120. 
Sharon  Springs,  82,  9.5,  107. 
Shrewsbury,  59. 
Sing  Sing,  60,  63. 
Skaneateles,  115. 
Slaughter's  Landing,  C8. 
Somerville,  58,  62. 
South  Berwick,  235. 
Split  Rock,  98. 


Spraker's  Baaln,  73,  lOG. 

Spuyton  Devil's  Creek,  66. 

Squam  Lake,  245. 

Staatsburg,  60,  74. 

St  Anne's,  172. 

Stillwater,  82,  96. 

St.  Johns,  103,  231. 

St.  Josephs,  137. 

St.  Laurent,  185. 

St.  Lawrence  River,  104. 

St.  Nicholas,  176. 

Stockport,  61. 

Stoney  Point,  69. 

Stonington,  61,  204. 

Stoughton,  229. 

St.  Patrick's  Hole,  184. 

St.  Regis,  168. 

Stuvvesant  Falls,  61,  77. 

Sy  -ncMBe,  81,  82,  114. 


Tadouaac,  186. 
Tappan  Bay,  67. 
Tarrytown,  60,  67,  75 
Teller's  Point,  67. 
Thompsonville,  200. 
Thousand  Isles,  165. 
Three  Rivers,  175. 
Ticonderoga,  92. 
Tinton  Falls,  59. 
Tivoli,  75. 
Toledo,  128,  134. 
Tompkinaville,  58. 
Tonawanda,  143. 
Toronto,  116,  161,  163. 
Trenton  Falls,  111. 
Tribe's  Hill,  106. 
Troy,  60,  65,  80. 
Turner's  Depot,  61. 
Two  Mountains,  172. 


«•' 


Union  Race  Course,  58. 
Utica,  81,  109. 


Varennes,  175. 
Verplanck's  Point,  69. 


Wadington,  167. 
Wallingford,  196. 
Wappinger's  Creek,  60. 
Warsaw,  129. 
Washington,  247. 
Waterboro,  63. 
Waterford,  82,  95,  238. 
Waterloo,  121,  143. 


250 


INDEX. 


Watertown,  110. 
Weebawken,  57,  05. 
Welland  Canal,  160. 
Well'B  Island,  167. 
Weetborough,  201. 
West  Camp,  75. 
West  Canada  Creek,  109. 
West  Farms,  58. 
Westfield,  63,  246. 
West  Point,  70. 
Westport,  97. 
West  Rock,  105. 
West  Springfield,  246. 
West  Stockbridge,  60. 
West  Troy,  95. 
Whirlpool,  157.  i  4- 

Wliitehall,  60,  94.  ^> 


White  Mountains,  130, 291. 
White  Plains,  63, 66. 
Whitesborough,  IIS. 
William  Henry,  175. 
Williamsbridge,  58. 
Williamsburg,  58. 
Windsor,  200. 
Worcester,  61,  200. 
Wurtzboro',  63. 


Yale  College,  194. 
Yonkers,  60. 
Yorkville,  57. 
Youngstown,  161. 
Ypsilanti,  137. 


tm 


PART  II. 

MIDDLE,    SOUTHERN,   AND   WESTERN,    STATES, 
IN  PRESS  AND  WILL  SHORTLY  FOLLOW. 


I  < 


% 


■   %. 


M  ■'. 


GEORGE  S.  APPLETON, 

BOOKSELLER,  PUBLISHER  AND  IMPORTER,    »  ' 
148  Chestnut  Street,  below  Seventh, 
Invites   the  attention   of   travellers,  strangers    and 
others  to  his  very  extensive  collection  of 

ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN 
Publications  in  every  department  of  Literature. 
His  stock  of  Elegantly  bound  Books  for  Presents, 
Portfolios,  Stationery,  Recent  Publications, 
&c.,  is  the 

MOST  VARIED  IN  THE  CITY.  ' 


«v 


VALUABLE 

BOOKS  FOR  TRAVELLERS. 

FOR  SALE  Br 

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Mitchell's  Traveller's  Guide,  containing  the  various 
routes  and  tables  of  distances^  with  a  large  map 
of  the  United  States. 

Panorama  of  the  Hudson  River  from  New  York  to 
Albany.    By  Wade  and  Croome. 

The  Picturesque  Tourist,  or  Guide  through  the 
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da; being  a  guide  for  Tourists  through  ah  the 
principal  cities  and  towns.  With  full  and  ample 
descriptions  of  the  various  routes,  hotels,  &c.,  and 
maps  and  plans  of  the  principal  cities. 

Sherman  and  Smith's  Gazeteer  of  the  United  States. 

McCulloch's  Geographical  and  Statistical  Gazeteer. 
2  vols.    8vo. 

Baldwin's  Universal  Pronouncing  Gazeteer. 

Guide  between  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  Washington. 

The  Great  Metropolis ;  a  Guide  for  Strangers  in 
New  York. 

Picture  of  New  York.  With  map  and  numerous 
engravings.  •    • '     ■•        • 


Jiit^i^ 


V  /- 


GEORGE  S.  APPLETON,       ,, 

,   148  Ckestndt  Street,  Jones'  Hotel  Buildings, 
HAS  JUST  PUBLISHED— 

Reid's  English  Dictionary;  containing  the  Pro- 
nunciation, Etymology  and  Explanation  of  all 
Words  authorized  by  eminent  writers;  to  which 
are  added  a  Vocabulary  of  the  Roots  of  English 
Words,  and  an  accented  list  of  Greek,  Latin  and 
Scripture  Proper  Names.  By  Alexander  Reid,  of 
Edinburg.  One  portable  volume,  12mo.,  of  600 
pages — $1.00. 

Ollendorf's  German  Grammar;  a  new  method  of 
f  Learning  to  Read,  Write  and  Speak  the  German 
,  Language.  Edited  by  G.  J.  Adier.  1  vol.  12mo. 
,  $1.50.  This  Grammar,  on  account  of  its  own  in- 
trinsic merits,  is  fast  superseding  all  others. 

Ollendorf's  Key  to  the  Exercises  contained  in  the 
Grammar.    Uniform  in  12mo.    75  cents. 

Surrene's  French  Dictionary;  the  Standard  Pro- 
nouncing Dictionary  of  the  French  and  English 
Lariguages.  By  Gabriel  Surrene.  One  portable 
volume,  12mo.  This  Dictionary,  on  the  excellent 
plan  of  Reid's  Dictionary,  contains  all  the  words 
in  common  use,  terms  in  science  and  the  fine  arts, 
4000  historical  names^  4000  geographical  names, 
1100  terms  lately  published,  with  the  pronunciation 

_  of  every  word  according  to  the  French  Academy, 
and  750  critical  remarks. 


■^SPiS'lRIS 


GEORGE   S.  APPLETOn's  POPULAR  PUBLICATIONS. 

"  Twenty  Thoosand  copies  sold  in  two  months  1" 
THREE  EXPERIMENTS  OF  LIVING; 

OR, 

v^         LIVING  WrrUIN  THE  MEANS, 
LIVING  UP  TO  THE  MEANS, 

'        '.,  AND 

'.'"'         UYING  BEYOND  THE  MEANS. 

Twenty-first  Edition.     One  neat  volume,  18mo. 


'     ELINOR  FULTON;       . 

OR, 

The  Sequel  to  "  Three  Experiments,"  by  the  same  author. 
Twelfth  Edition.    18mo.  to  match  the  Three  Experiments. 

The  above  two  works  can  also  be  had  bound  together 
in  one  volume. 


"\,>JWVWN/W\/« 


i  s: 


RICH  ENOUGH. 

A  TALE   OF  THE  TIMES. 


By  the  Author  of  "  Three  Experiments  of  Living,"  &c. 
Fourth  Edition.    One  vol.  18mo.  neatly  bound. 

The  above  three  Tales  are  also  hound  together  in  1  vol. 

These  interesting  Tales  comprise,  in  the  form  of  enter* 
taining  narratives,  a  practical  display  of  important  maxims 
in  domestic  economy  and  the  conduct  of  life — the  advantages 
of  livine  within  one's  means,  on  the  one  hand,  and,  on  the 
other,  the  misery  and  wretchedness  attendant  upon  an  oppo- 
site course ;  not  merely  as  regards  the  physical  comforts  of 
the  unhappy  individual  who  is  the  subject  of  it,  but  his  moral 
condition ;  for  it  is  an  undeniable  truth,  that  the  extravagance 
of  living  beyond  one's  means,  so  forcibly  depicted  in  this 
work,  has  a  most  corrupting  influence  on  his  moral  sense. 


\^- 


I » 


GEORGE    S.  APPLETON's   POPULAR   PUBLICATIONS. 


A  GUIDE  TO  USEFULNESS  AND  HAPPINESS. 


THE  WORLD   BEFORE  YOU 


OR, 


I  ' ». 


THE  LOG  CABIN. 


BY  THE 


AUTHOR  OF    "THREE   EXPERIMENTS,      "LIVES   OF 

OLD    PAINTERS,"    AND    "HUGUENOTS   IN 

FRANCE    AND   AMERICA." 

One  handsome  Volume)  lGmo.9  with  Steel 
Frontispiece*    50  Cents* 

This  little  book,  which  reached  a  second  edition  in 
two  months,  has  received  unqualified  praise  from  all 
quarters.  From  a  few  of  the  notices  the  following  are 
extracted:        '"^'''"^     '  -w  ^i^^w^--^^^ 

"It  is  the  production  of  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
popular  of  American  female  writers,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Lee. 
***  It  is  replete  with  humour  and  pathos,  and  conveys 
most  valuable  hints  for  those  who  go  *out  WesU^  as 
well  as  moral  precepts  for  the  conduct  of  life.  Some 
of  the  sketches  of  Western  manners  are  inimitable— 
quite  worthy  of  the  writer,  and  by  no  means  inferior 
to  the  graphic  touches  of  Mrs.  Clavers  herself." — SaL 
Courier.       't'^;  ^''   -m,  *^^        -:  ,-^ 

" But  the  chief  value  of  the  book  consists  in  its 

high  rfioral  purpose,  and  the  influence  it  is  calculated 
to  exert  in  the  amelioration  of  society. — *  Honesty  is 
the  best  policy,'  is  the  maxim  it  inculcates ;  and  this, 
in  the  most  striking  manner,  is  illustrated  in  the  in- 
stance of  the  hero  of  the  story." — Penn.  Inquirer, 


iasK^ 


OBOROE    S.   APPLETON  S   POPULAR   PUDLICATIONS. 


ELEGANT  LITTLE  MANUALS. 


-     TRUE    POLITENESS,  MV 

.       ,;  •        OR  THE 

LADIES'  BOOK  OF  ETIQUETTE. 

One  Volume,  square  32mo.     Elegantly  bound  in  fancy 
cloth,  gilt  edges. 

Price  25   Cents.  '   ^ 

TRUE  POLITENESS; 

OR  THE 

;  BOOK  OF  ETIQUETTE  FOR  GENTLEMEN. 

One  Vol.  square  32mo.,  gilt  edges.     Bound  in  fancy  cloth. 

?  :^  5   .      Price  25  Cents.     . 

"  These  little  Manuals  are  presented  to  the  public  in  the 
form  of  sentences,  each  containing  some  axiom :  these  the 
author  believes  can  be  more  easily  remembered,  and  are 
more  likely  to  be  read  than  the  more  laboured  treatises  upon 
good  manners,  with  which  the  public  have  been  inundated 
Dean  Swift  observes,  that  '  the  foundation  of  good  manners 
is  common  sense  and  a  good  taste ;  the  superstructure  is 
raised  by  the  adaptation  of  these  to  the  ordinary  occur- 
rences of  life.'  Keeping  this  constantly  in  view,  and  aided 
by  his  own  observation,  he  has  produced  these  little  volumes, 
which  he  hopes  will  prove  not  unacceptable  to  his  i^ders 
of  both  sexes." — Preface, 

•■  *^*  These  works  have  been  extensively  and  favourably 
reviewed  ;  they  are  decidedly  the  cheapest  and  most  elegant 
volumes  ever  published  on  this  popular  subject. 


r?^; 


GEORGE  S.  APPLETON  S  POPULAR  PUBLICATIONS. 


A  BOOK  FOR  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE. 


THE   WORLDS      - 
IN  A  POCKET  BOOK; 

UNIVERSAL  POPULAR  STATISTICS 

One  neat  volume,  18mo.,  bound  in  embossed  cloth,  extra. 
Price  50  Cents. 

This  very  popular  little  work,  which  has  already  passed 
through  three  editions,  embraces  all  the  most  important 
facts  relating  to  the  Commerce,  Agriculture,  Revenue,  Go- 
vernment, Manufactures,  Population,  Army,  Navy,  Reli- 
gions, Press,  Geography,  History,  Remarkable  Features  and 
Events,  Navigation,  Inventions,  Discoveries,  &c.,  &c.,  oi 
every  nation  of  the  Globe. 

A  large  portion  of  the  work  is  devoted  to  a  Political, 
Commercial,  Agricultural,  Manufacturing,  Historical,  Geo- 
graphical, Statistical,  and  General  Synopsis  of  the 

"*         VXTZTZD  STATUS,  •  ^  ^^ 

Embracing  the  last  Census,  and  Tables  of  Elections,  In- 
terest, Usury  Laws,  &c. 

A  NEW  EDITION,  .  ' 

GREATLY   ENLARGED   AND    IMPROVED. 

^ii^lKrbis  valuable  work  forms  a  complete  Reference-Book 
for  every  branch  of  statistical  information,  in  a  portable  form ; 
and  for  the  amount  of  mattei  merged  into  so  small  a  space, 
it  is  decidedly  the  cheapest  Encyclopedia  that  can  be  pro- 
cured. •'-: 


GEORGE  8.  APPLETON, 

BOOKSELLEU,  rUELIGIIEU,  AND  IMrORTER, 

NO.    148    CHESTNUT   STREET, 

OPI'OSITE  THE  ARCADE, 

PHILADELPHIA, 

■■  '.  ,  I.    -    , 
Ilns  constantly  on  hnnd  a  clioico  stock  of  Englisli  Dookn,  in  Theo* 
logy,  History,  Bjogrnpliy,  Tocf ry,  VoyngcH  uiid  TrnvoLs,  Arcliitucturu 
Hrid  Engineering.     Hia  stnck  of  An)crirnii  pnMlcntiona  is  iinnsiinlly 
large,  coni|iri8inf;  all  tiic  iniportnnt  piiliiicatiniis  of  the  day,  incliid 
ing  a  large  iissurtntciit  of  Midcclluiieous,  Sclioul,  Ulassicul  and  Ju 
venile  Books.  '      ' 

All  now  piiblicatinns  received  as  soon  os  pnblislied. 

Btrnngcrs  visiting  the  city  would  do  well  to  cnll  and  examine  iiia 
extensive  stock  in  every  department  of  Literature. 

Tersons  at  a  distance  dnsirin:;  any  particular  work  pul)li:3hed  in 
Europe  or  America,  can  have  the  saniu  carefully  fo'rwarded. 

Booksellers,  Country  Merchants  and  News  Agents,  supplied  with 
Books  at  a  very  liberal  discount. 

All  orders  will  meet  with  prompt  attention. 

Gentlemen  formin,!»  librarins  will  do  well  to  favor  him  with  their 
orders,  as  thoy  will  probably  save  20  per  cent  in  price,  and  will 
have  the  satisfaction  uf  having  their  orders  carefully  attended  to. 

S^  Books  imported  to  order  by  every  mail  steamer.  Single  copies 
with  the  same  care  and  di!!<pntch  as  quantities.  Persons  sending  an 
order  for  any  particular  work  published  in  England,  can  rely  upon 
receiving  the  same  in  about  six  week^  from  the  time  of  the  do- 
parture  of  the  steamer. 

G.  S.  A's  Literary  Bulletin,  containing  a  List  of  all  Books  pub- 
lished each  month  in  Great  Britain,  together  with  a  selcct^llist  of 
Continental  Books,  with  the  prices  affixed,  ami  other  important 
literary  information,  is  |)ublished  immediately  on  the  arrival  of  the 
steamers,  on  the  tirst  of  every  month.  As  this  periodical  is  fur- 
tiished  Gratis,  gentlemen  who  desire  to  receive  it  wtll  please  ad* 
drees  the  publisher,  148  Chestnut  Street. 


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